James II

The son of Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria, brother of Charles II. Catholic since 1668. Succeeded his brother on the English (and Scottish) throne in 1685. Had to leave England after his policies of promoting Catholics in 1688. He fled to Ireland where after a series of defeats against the troops of William of Orange, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the Battle of the Boyne, he finally left for the continent. He lived in French exile until his death.