Catholicism
Catholicism
The Merriam-Webster Catholic Dictionary defines Catholicism as ”the faith, doctrine, system and practice of the catholic church” The catholic Church distinguishes itself from other Christian faiths (e.g. Protestantism)through its firm dogmas. It is supposed to have been founded by Christ himself when He made Saint Peter “the rock “ on which He built the church. The Pope of the Roman Catholic church sees himself as a successor of Saint Peter.
The most important Catholic dogmas include:
-Belief in the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit). These are three persons in one God. This is commonly known as “the mystery of the Trinity” -Transubstantiation during the celebration of the mass the Eucharist is believed to change the host to the body of Christ and the communion wine into the blood of Christ.
-Immaculate conception: the belief that Mary the mother of Christ, was protected from original sin, that Mary did not have a sinful nature, and was in fact sinless -Papal Infallibility: Papal Infallibility is seen throughout the history of the Church. Documents and decisions all the way back into the first centuries show that the decision of the Bishop of Rome was accepted as final and without appeal. Sometimes beliefs are challenged or become confused and the Church responds with a declaration of something that needed to be cleared up. This happened with Papal Infallibility at Vatican I. Some people were proposing that a Church Council superseded the authority of the Pope. To set this straight Vatican I made a clear statement of just what authority is vested in the office of Peter and why. -Purgatory is a place of temporal punishment at the conclusion of this punishment, the individual’s soul passes into heaven.
The Catholic Church has a strict hierarchical structure. At the pinnacle is the Pope who is a mediator between God and man. The Pope is only relieved of his position by death. A new pope is elected in a conclave of Cardinals. Cardinals are appointed by the Pope and they are directly answerable to the Vatican. Apart from electing the Pope, "most cardinals have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or running a department of the Roman Curia" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)). Next in the Catholic hierarchy are the bishops as heads of a diocese. Then come the priests who see to the affairs of the parishes. Priests go through a solid seven years of intellectual training in a multiplicity of disciplines including theology and philosophy after which they take an oath of celibacy and are ordained by a bishop.
Other features of the Catholic church include the highly ritualistic nature of Mass (songs, incantations, incense, holy water). The church house has an altar and a tabernacle (where the monstrance with a consecrated host is kept). Catholic churches do not forgoe ornamentation. There are statues and images of God, Jesus, Mary and the saints. Often there are also saints' relics and other magical or mysterious objects of worship. - Indulgence is based on the medieval Catholic doctrine that sinners must not only repent of sins that they’ve committed, they must also confess these sins and pay some sort of retribution. Indulgence is a sort of retribution. This was one bone of contention with the early Protestant church.
In England the strength of the Catholic church started dwindling with Henry the VIII. As a result of the inability of the king to convince the papal court to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Since he was desperate to marry Anne Boleyn who, so Henry hoped, would provide him with a male heir, the king dismissed Cardinal Wolsey and brought in Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell both sympathizers with the new ideas of Martin Luther. The “Reformation Parliament” (1529-1531) saw a gradual shift of power from Pope to king, culminating in the Act of Supremacy (1534) which stopped all contribution and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church the king of England became the ”supreme head of the Church”. Mary Tudor (“bloody Mary”) tries to re-Catholicise England, with much blood shed, but no long-term success. The next and last overt Catholic on the throne was James II (1685-1688). English Catholics once again saw some religious freedom granted in the Declaration of Indulgence of 1687, suspending the Test Acts. Thereby Catholics were able to take part in the military and hold posts in government. Unfortunately for Catholicism in England, James’ overt and radical pro-Catholicism brought his doom and led to the so-called Glorious Revolution, which ousted James and brought in a die-hard Calvinist, William of Orange. The Bill of Rights (1689) served as a final nail on the coffin of Catholicism in England the Catholics had been once and for all reduced to a position of inferiority. According to these laws, no Roman catholic should become king/ queen of England.
Main source: http://wsu.edu/Reform/england.htm
Miller, John. Popery and politics in England 1660-1688. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.