Women's Social and Political Union - Revision history

Pankratz: /* The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote */

2021-04-23T16:45:51Z

The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote

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	The WSPU differed greatly from the NUWSS in terms of tactics. Whereas the NUWSS rejected violent forms of protest, the WSPU followed a policy of "sensational public protest" (Kent 197) to gain the vote for women. The first big public demonstration of the WSPU took place in 1907 when 3000 women participated in the "Mud March" from Hyde Park, London, to Exeter Hall. The women carried banners and were accompanied by brass bands. Until 1909 the militant action of the WSPU was non-violent. The Suffragettes obstructed political meetings and marched on Parliament to demand meetings with political figures. These marches on Parliament, or "raids" were conducted peacefully by the Suffragettes but often they experienced violence from the police. The women were usually knocked around and then arrested.		The WSPU differed greatly from the NUWSS in terms of tactics. Whereas the NUWSS rejected violent forms of protest, the WSPU followed a policy of "sensational public protest" (Kent 197) to gain the vote for women. The first big public demonstration of the WSPU took place in 1907 when 3000 women participated in the "Mud March" from Hyde Park, London, to Exeter Hall. The women carried banners and were accompanied by brass bands. Until 1909 the militant action of the WSPU was non-violent. The Suffragettes obstructed political meetings and marched on Parliament to demand meetings with political figures. These marches on Parliament, or "raids" were conducted peacefully by the Suffragettes but often they experienced violence from the police. The women were usually knocked around and then arrested.

			The Pankhursts found it difficult to keep the activists in control when in 1908 new militant actions appeared without the approval of the leadership. Despite the Pankhursts' aim to have a controlled 'army', in reality they had no real control over the Suffragettes, though they later engaged in the same militant tactics.

	In 1909 violent militant actions were taken up in form of stone-throwing at government houses and many Suffragettes began a hunger strike in prison in order to draw attention to their goals. The authorities responded with forced feeding, which led to a great outcry against the government. It was considered an analogy to rape and aided the Suffragettes' efforts.		In 1909 violent militant actions were taken up in form of stone-throwing at government houses and many Suffragettes began a hunger strike in prison in order to draw attention to their goals. The authorities responded with forced feeding, which led to a great outcry against the government. It was considered an analogy to rape and aided the Suffragettes' efforts.

Pankratz: /* Internal Crisis */

2021-04-23T16:44:54Z

Internal Crisis

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	The ''Suffrage Annual and Women's Who's Who'' published in 1913 provides historians with more accurate information about the members of suffrage societies. 692 women are listed with biographical information, level of education, age, marital status and affiliation with societies, family and hobbies. An analysis shows that most of the listed members of suffrage societies were from the upper and middle class. The greatest numbers of working members were teachers, writers, artists, nurses etc.		The ''Suffrage Annual and Women's Who's Who'' published in 1913 provides historians with more accurate information about the members of suffrage societies. 692 women are listed with biographical information, level of education, age, marital status and affiliation with societies, family and hobbies. An analysis shows that most of the listed members of suffrage societies were from the upper and middle class. The greatest numbers of working members were teachers, writers, artists, nurses etc.
	Only fourteen of the listed women were active in the Labour Movement, which indicates that the presence of working-class women was undercounted and their needs not voiced in the ''Who's Who''. The list also shows that the WSPU attracted more young women than other societies.		Only fourteen of the listed women were active in the Labour Movement, which indicates that the presence of working-class women was undercounted and their needs not voiced in the ''Who's Who''. The list also shows that the WSPU attracted more young women than other societies.

	~~== Internal Crisis ==~~

	The Pankhursts found it difficult to keep the activists in control when in 1908 new militant actions appeared without the approval of the leadership. Despite the Pankhursts' aim to have a controlled 'army', in reality they had no real control over the Suffragettes, though they later engaged in the same militant tactics.

	= The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote=		= The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote=

Firefly at 22:46, 7 December 2011

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	* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5:6 (1982), 663-647.		* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5:6 (1982), 663-647.
	* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8:5 (1985),473-487.		* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8:5 (1985),473-487.
	* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and ~~two types of~~ Two Types of Window- Smashing".		* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and Two Types of Window- Smashing".

	http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.		http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.

Firefly at 22:45, 7 December 2011

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	* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".		* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".

	http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.		http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.
	* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.		* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
	* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.		* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.

Firefly at 22:45, 7 December 2011

2011-12-07T22:45:26Z

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	* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".		* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".

	http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.		http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.
	* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.		* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
	* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.		* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.

Firefly at 22:44, 7 December 2011

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	* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5:6 (1982), 663-647.		* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5:6 (1982), 663-647.
	* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8:5 (1985),473-487.		* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8:5 (1985),473-487.
			* Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".

			http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.
	* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.		* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
	* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.		* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.
	* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes'', Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.		* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes'', Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.

	~~Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".~~
	~~http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.~~

Firefly at 22:44, 7 December 2011

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	In 1910, after the election, it seemed that a women's suffrage bill had a chance at passing and in order to support the Conciliation Bill the WSPU called a truce and restrained militant tactics. The Bill passed its second reading in July 1910 but Asquith hindered its coming any further.		In 1910, after the election, it seemed that a women's suffrage bill had a chance at passing and in order to support the Conciliation Bill the WSPU called a truce and restrained militant tactics. The Bill passed its second reading in July 1910 but Asquith hindered its coming any further.
	On 18 November 1910, as response to the failed bill, the Suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, marched from Caxton Hill to Parliament where they were attacked by the police and sexually molested by the police and male bystanders. ~~This~~ day ~~was called~~ "Black Friday".		On 18 November 1910, as response to the failed bill, the Suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, marched from Caxton Hill to Parliament where they were attacked by the police and sexually molested by the police and male bystanders. Because the attacks were so cruel Sufragettes remebered this day as "Black Friday" (Conelly).

	The Conciliation Bill was revived in 1911 and again the WSPU called a truce. Parliament threw over the Bill a second time and the WSPU immediately responded to this with acts of deliberate law-breaking. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with 200 other Suffragettes broke windows at 10 Downing Street and all over London. The police arrested 217 women and Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were charged with "inciting riots" (Kent 201). Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were sentenced to nine months in prison. All three of them began a hunger strike while in prison and became so ill that the authorities released them shortly after.		The Conciliation Bill was revived in 1911 and again the WSPU called a truce. Parliament threw over the Bill a second time and the WSPU immediately responded to this with acts of deliberate law-breaking. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with 200 other Suffragettes broke windows at 10 Downing Street and all over London. The police arrested 217 women and Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were charged with "inciting riots" (Kent 201). Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were sentenced to nine months in prison. All three of them began a hunger strike while in prison and became so ill that the authorities released them shortly after.
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	* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.		* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.
	* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes'', Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.		* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes'', Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.

			Conelly, Katherine. "The Suffraggettes, Black Friday and two types of Two Types of Window- Smashing".
			http://counterfire.org/index.php/articles/75-our-history/7697-the-suffragettes-black-friday-and-the-two-types-of-window-smashing, 2010.

Firefly: /* The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote */

2011-12-07T22:18:31Z

The WSPU's militant tactics to win the vote

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	In 1910, after the election, it seemed that a women's suffrage bill had a chance at passing and in order to support the Conciliation Bill the WSPU called a truce and restrained militant tactics. The Bill passed its second reading in July 1910 but Asquith hindered its coming any further.		In 1910, after the election, it seemed that a women's suffrage bill had a chance at passing and in order to support the Conciliation Bill the WSPU called a truce and restrained militant tactics. The Bill passed its second reading in July 1910 but Asquith hindered its coming any further.
	On 18 November 1910, as response to the failed bill, the Suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, marched from Caxton Hill to Parliament where they were attacked by the police and sexually molested by the police and male bystanders. This day was called "Black Friday". ~~[source??]~~		On 18 November 1910, as response to the failed bill, the Suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, marched from Caxton Hill to Parliament where they were attacked by the police and sexually molested by the police and male bystanders. This day was called "Black Friday".

	The Conciliation Bill was revived in 1911 and again the WSPU called a truce. Parliament threw over the Bill a second time and the WSPU immediately responded to this with acts of deliberate law-breaking. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with 200 other Suffragettes broke windows at 10 Downing Street and all over London. The police arrested 217 women and Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were charged with "inciting riots" (Kent 201). Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were sentenced to nine months in prison. All three of them began a hunger strike while in prison and became so ill that the authorities released them shortly after.		The Conciliation Bill was revived in 1911 and again the WSPU called a truce. Parliament threw over the Bill a second time and the WSPU immediately responded to this with acts of deliberate law-breaking. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with 200 other Suffragettes broke windows at 10 Downing Street and all over London. The police arrested 217 women and Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were charged with "inciting riots" (Kent 201). Mrs. Pankhurst and the Pethick Lawrences were sentenced to nine months in prison. All three of them began a hunger strike while in prison and became so ill that the authorities released them shortly after.

Pankratz: /* Sources */

2011-12-06T09:10:51Z

Sources

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	= Sources =		= Sources =
	* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5~~, No.~~6 (1982) 663-647.		* Billington, Rosamund. "Ideology and Feminism: Why the Suffragettes were ´Wild Women`" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 5:6 (1982), 663-647.
	* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One:Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8~~, No.~~ 5 (1985)473-487.		* Byles, Joan Montgomery. "Women´s Experience of World War One: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets" ''Women´s Studies Int. Forum'' 8:5 (1985),473-487.
	* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.		* Kent, Susan. ''Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
	* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'' 120 (1988) 147-162.		* Park, Jihang. "The British Suffrage Activists of 1913: An Analysis" ''Past & Present'', 120 (1988), 147-162.
	* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes''. Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.		* Schirmacher, Kaethe. ''Die Suffragettes'', Frankfurt: Roland Jassmann Verlag, 1988.


	''Further Reading''		''Further Reading''
	* Holton, Sandra. ''Feminism and Democracy. Women´s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain 1900-1918''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.		* Holton, Sandra. ''Feminism and Democracy. Women´s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain 1900-1918''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
	* Holton, Sandra. "Manliness and ~~militancy~~. The ~~political protest~~ of ~~male suffragists~~ and the ~~gendering~~ of the `~~suffrage~~`~~identity~~." ''The Men´s Share? Masculinities, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage in Britain, 1890-1920''. Ed. Angela V. John/ Claire Eustance. London: Routledge, 1997.110-131.		* Holton, Sandra. "Manliness and Militancy. The Political Protest of Male Suffragists and the Gendering of the `Suffrage` Identity." ''The Men´s Share? Masculinities, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage in Britain, 1890-1920''. Ed. Angela V. John/ Claire Eustance. London: Routledge, 1997.110-131.
	* Smith, Harold. ''The British Women´s Suffrage Campaign, 1866-1928''. London: Longman ~~Publishing Group~~, 1998.		* Smith, Harold. ''The British Women´s Suffrage Campaign, 1866-1928''. London: Longman, 1998.
	* John, Angela and Claire Eustace. "Shared ~~histories~~ - ~~differing identities~~. Introducing ~~masculinities~~, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage." The Men´s Share? Masculinities, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage in Britain, 1890-1920. Ed. John, Angela / Eustance, Claire. London: Routledge, 1997. 1-33.		* John, Angela and Claire Eustace. "Shared Histories - Differing Identities. Introducing Masculinities, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage." ''The Men´s Share? Masculinities, Male Support and Women´s Suffrage in Britain, 1890-1920''. Ed. John, Angela / Eustance, Claire. London: Routledge, 1997. 1-33.
	* Günther, Jana. ~~die~~ politischen Bilder und radikalen Ausdrucksformen der Sufragetten. Bilder der Heroisierung, des Martyriums und der Radikalität in der britischen Suffragettenbewegung. kunstexte.de 1/2009.		* Günther, Jana. Die politischen Bilder und radikalen Ausdrucksformen der Sufragetten. Bilder der Heroisierung, des Martyriums und der Radikalität in der britischen Suffragettenbewegung. kunstexte.de 1/2009.

Pankratz: /* The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and the First World War */

2011-12-06T09:07:52Z

The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and the First World War

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	Christabel Pankhurst claimed that the war was God's vengeance on a man-made conflict. Her mother ordered suffrage activities to be suspended.		Christabel Pankhurst claimed that the war was God's vengeance on a man-made conflict. Her mother ordered suffrage activities to be suspended.
	During the [[First World War ]]Christabel Pankhurst and Emmeline Pankhurst expressed great patriotism. They devoted their time and energy towards the war effort. The Pankhursts identified the WSPU with the war effort, because Mrs. Pankhurst believed that "if women could not fight they should not vote" (Byles 474).		During the [[Great War\|First World War ]]Christabel Pankhurst and Emmeline Pankhurst expressed great patriotism. They devoted their time and energy towards the war effort. The Pankhursts identified the WSPU with the war effort, because Mrs. Pankhurst believed that "if women could not fight they should not vote" (Byles 474).
	Other suffrage societies, such as the NUWSS and Mrs. Pankhurst's daughter [[Sylvia Pankhurst\|Sylvia]] believed that peace would be best brought about by peaceful negotiation and not by militant tactics. Mrs. Pankhurst was of the opinion that to stand for peace would ~~victimize~~ them and raise opposition against the Suffrage cause, so Mrs. Pankhurst and Christabel continued to stimulate war enthusiasm and to recruit men for the army.
			Other suffrage societies, such as the NUWSS and Mrs. Pankhurst's daughter [[Sylvia Pankhurst\|Sylvia]] believed that peace would be best brought about by peaceful negotiation and not by militant tactics. Mrs. Pankhurst was of the opinion that to stand for peace would victimise them and raise opposition against the Suffrage cause, so Mrs. Pankhurst and Christabel continued to stimulate war enthusiasm and to recruit men for the army.

	The war itself provided important opportunities for women of all classes to work outside the home, as munition workers, land-army workers, policewomen, doctors and nurses. The massive achievements of female doctors and nurses as well as other service auxiliaries had a great influence on public opinion in favor of women's suffrage.		The war itself provided important opportunities for women of all classes to work outside the home, as munition workers, land-army workers, policewomen, doctors and nurses. The massive achievements of female doctors and nurses as well as other service auxiliaries had a great influence on public opinion in favor of women's suffrage.

	In 1916 suffrage societies from all over the country ~~send~~ deputations to Westminster to ensure a new Franchise Bill. On August ~~14th~~ 1916 Prime Minister Asquith gave up his opposition to Women´s Suffrage and said that due to the aid women provided during the war women needs should be addressed.		In 1916 suffrage societies from all over the country sent deputations to Westminster to ensure a new Franchise Bill. On August 14 1916 Prime Minister Asquith gave up his opposition to Women´s Suffrage and said that due to the aid women provided during the war women needs should be addressed.
	On ~~19th~~ June 1917 the Presentation of the People Bill with Clause IV, i.e. Women's Suffrage, passed with overwhelming majority. In December 1917 the Bill passed its Third Reading and giving the vote to women over the age of thirty, when they were householders or wives of householders, and to men over the age of twenty-one. That enfranchised 6 Million adult women.		On 19 June 1917 the Presentation of the People Bill with Clause IV, i.e. Women's Suffrage, passed with overwhelming majority. In December 1917 the Bill passed its Third Reading and giving the vote to women over the age of thirty, when they were householders or wives of householders, and to men over the age of twenty-one. That enfranchised 6 Million adult women.
	In 1928 women were given the vote over the age of twenty-one on the same terms as men.		In 1928 women were given the vote over the age of twenty-one on the same terms as men.