Richard II - Revision history

WikiSysop at 13:57, 14 December 2012

2012-12-14T13:57:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 14 December 2012
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	“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the 'Wars of the Roses', the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever” (BBC History).		“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the 'Wars of the Roses', the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever” (BBC History).

	Peasants' Revolt		== Peasants' Revolt ==

	When Richard came to the throne, the government was in the hands of a series of councils because of his youth (10 years old). His uncle, John of Gaunt, was highly influential. People saw Richard’s councellors as corrupt officials trying to exploit the weakness of the king. Four years later a poll tax was declared to finance the continuing war with France ([[Hundred Years War]]). There was tremendous uproar amongst the peasantry, who had already seriously resented the government´s attempts to deprive them of their benefits from the post-pandemic labour shortage after the Black Death (1348).		When Richard came to the throne, the government was in the hands of a series of councils because of his youth (10 years old). His uncle, John of Gaunt, was highly influential. People saw Richard’s councellors as corrupt officials trying to exploit the weakness of the king. Four years later a poll tax was declared to finance the continuing war with France ([[Hundred Years War]]). There was tremendous uproar amongst the peasantry, who had already seriously resented the government´s attempts to deprive them of their benefits from the post-pandemic labour shortage after the Black Death (1348).

	This, combined with continuing efforts by land owners to reintroduce servility of the peasants, led to the Peasants' Revolt, also known as Wat Tyler´s Rebellion. After its leader was killed, Richard, then only 14, showed great courage, shouting to the peasants to follow him. He led them off, calmed them down with promises of reforms, and convinced them to disperse to their homes. Although Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law, and the peasants were forced back into their old way of life, now they came and went in relation to the wages they were offered by the lords. The feudal system cracked and serfdom came to an end.		This, combined with continuing efforts by land owners to reintroduce servility of the peasants, led to the Peasants' Revolt, also known as Wat Tyler´s Rebellion. After its leader was killed, Richard, then only 14, showed great courage, shouting to the peasants to follow him. He led them off, calmed them down with promises of reforms, and convinced them to disperse to their homes. Although Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law, and the peasants were forced back into their old way of life, now they came and went in relation to the wages they were offered by the lords. The feudal system cracked and serfdom came to an end.

	Dethroning and Death		== Dethroning and Death ==

	The seeds of the [[War of the Roses]], a fundamental event in late medieval times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry Bolingbroke, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as [[Henry IV]]. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. The so-called War of the Roses started during the reign of his grandson [[Henry VI]].		The seeds of the [[War of the Roses]], a fundamental event in late medieval times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry Bolingbroke, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as [[Henry IV]]. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. The so-called War of the Roses started during the reign of his grandson [[Henry VI]].

	Bibliography		== Bibliography ==
			* http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/richardii_reign_01.shtml
	http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/richardii_reign_01.shtml		* http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm
	http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm		* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England		* Jürgen Kramer. ''Britain and Ireland: A Concise History''. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
	Jürgen Kramer. ''Britain and Ireland: A Concise History''. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Pankratz at 13:09, 14 December 2012

2012-12-14T13:09:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 14 December 2012
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	~~Richard II~~		1367-1400. English king.

	“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the ~~“Wars~~ of the ~~Roses”~~, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain ~~forever.”~~ (BBC History. ~~"The Reign of Richard II, 1377 to 1399" by Ian Bremner)~~		“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the 'Wars of the Roses', the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever” (BBC History).

	Peasants Revolt		Peasants' Revolt

	When Richard came to the throne, the government was in the hands of a series of councils because of his youth (10 years old). His uncle, John of Gaunt, was highly influential. People saw Richard’s councellors as corrupt officials trying to exploit the weakness of the king. Four years later a poll tax was declared to finance the continuing war with France (~~“Hundred~~ Years ~~War”~~). There was tremendous uproar amongst the peasantry, who had already seriously resented the government´s attempts to deprive them of their benefits from the post-pandemic labour shortage after the Black Death (1348).		When Richard came to the throne, the government was in the hands of a series of councils because of his youth (10 years old). His uncle, John of Gaunt, was highly influential. People saw Richard’s councellors as corrupt officials trying to exploit the weakness of the king. Four years later a poll tax was declared to finance the continuing war with France ([[Hundred Years War]]). There was tremendous uproar amongst the peasantry, who had already seriously resented the government´s attempts to deprive them of their benefits from the post-pandemic labour shortage after the Black Death (1348).

	This, combined with continuing efforts by land owners to reintroduce servility of the ~~working classes on the land~~, led to the ~~Peasant’s~~ Revolt, also known as Wat Tyler´s Rebellion. After ~~this~~ leader was killed, Richard, then only 14, showed great courage, shouting to the peasants to follow him. He led them off, calmed them down with promises of reforms, and convinced them to disperse to their homes. Although Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law, and the peasants were forced back into their old way of life, now they came and went in relation to the wages they were offered by the lords. The feudal system cracked and serfdom came to an end.		This, combined with continuing efforts by land owners to reintroduce servility of the peasants, led to the Peasants' Revolt, also known as Wat Tyler´s Rebellion. After its leader was killed, Richard, then only 14, showed great courage, shouting to the peasants to follow him. He led them off, calmed them down with promises of reforms, and convinced them to disperse to their homes. Although Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law, and the peasants were forced back into their old way of life, now they came and went in relation to the wages they were offered by the lords. The feudal system cracked and serfdom came to an end.

	~~The War of the Roses~~		Dethroning and Death

	The seeds of the War of the Roses, a fundamental event in late medieval times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. ~~Although the first battle of the~~ War of the Roses ~~took place in 1455 under~~ Henry VI, the main aim was to restore the Yorkist line in the throne, which had been usurped by the Lancastrians and which belonged to Richard II by right. Noy until Henry VII (House of Lancaster) married Elizabeth of York in 1485 did the War of the Roses come to an end.		The seeds of the [[War of the Roses]], a fundamental event in late medieval times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry Bolingbroke, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as [[Henry IV]]. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. The so-called War of the Roses started during the reign of his grandson [[Henry VI]].

	Bibliography		Bibliography
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	http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm		http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm
	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England		http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
	Jürgen Kramer. Britain and Ireland: A Concise History. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.		Jürgen Kramer. ''Britain and Ireland: A Concise History''. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

Aguees89 at 16:10, 11 December 2012

2012-12-11T16:10:03Z

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	Richard II~~. A Renaissance king. NOT.~~		Richard II

	“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the “Wars of the Roses”, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever.” (Ian Bremner ~~[exact source??]~~)		“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the “Wars of the Roses”, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever.” (BBC History. "The Reign of Richard II, 1377 to 1399" by Ian Bremner)

	Peasants Revolt		Peasants Revolt

Pankratz at 12:00, 4 December 2012

2012-12-04T12:00:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:00, 4 December 2012
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	Richard II. A Renaissance king		Richard II. A Renaissance king. NOT.

	“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the “Wars of the Roses”, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever.” (Ian Bremner)		“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the “Wars of the Roses”, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever.” (Ian Bremner [exact source??])

	Peasants Revolt		Peasants Revolt
Line 11:		Line 11:
	The War of the Roses		The War of the Roses

	The seeds of the War of the Roses, a fundamental event in ~~Renaissance~~ times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. Although the first battle of the War of the Roses took place in 1455 under Henry VI, the main aim was to restore the Yorkist line in the throne, which had been usurped by the Lancastrians and which belonged to Richard II by right. Noy until Henry VII (House of Lancaster) married Elizabeth of York in 1485 did the War of the Roses come to an end.		The seeds of the War of the Roses, a fundamental event in late medieval times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. Although the first battle of the War of the Roses took place in 1455 under Henry VI, the main aim was to restore the Yorkist line in the throne, which had been usurped by the Lancastrians and which belonged to Richard II by right. Noy until Henry VII (House of Lancaster) married Elizabeth of York in 1485 did the War of the Roses come to an end.

	Bibliography		Bibliography

Aguees89 at 08:04, 4 December 2012

2012-12-04T08:04:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:04, 4 December 2012
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	~~1367-1400. King of England from 1377 to 1399~~.		Richard II. A Renaissance king

	Richard II, ~~born~~ in ~~1367~~, was the ~~son~~ of ~~Edward~~, the Black ~~Prince~~ and ~~Joan~~, the ~~Fair Maid~~ of ~~Kent~~. Richard ~~was but ten years old when he succeeded~~ his grandfather, Edward ~~III; England was~~ ruled ~~by a council under~~ the ~~leadership~~ of [[John of ~~Gaunt]]~~, and Richard was ~~tutored~~ by ~~Sir Simon Burley~~.		“The reign of Richard II illustrates the changing nature of the crown and society after the Black Death wiped out almost half the population from 1348. Richard's downfall has also been called the first round in what the Victorians named the “Wars of the Roses”, the bloody, noble civil wars that devastated England from around 1450 to 1487. But the legacy of his rule laid the foundation for that conflict and together with the impact of the plague achieved a social transformation that changed Britain forever.” (Ian Bremner)

			Peasants Revolt

			When Richard came to the throne, the government was in the hands of a series of councils because of his youth (10 years old). His uncle, John of Gaunt, was highly influential. People saw Richard’s councellors as corrupt officials trying to exploit the weakness of the king. Four years later a poll tax was declared to finance the continuing war with France (“Hundred Years War”). There was tremendous uproar amongst the peasantry, who had already seriously resented the government´s attempts to deprive them of their benefits from the post-pandemic labour shortage after the Black Death (1348).

			This, combined with continuing efforts by land owners to reintroduce servility of the working classes on the land, led to the Peasant’s Revolt, also known as Wat Tyler´s Rebellion. After this leader was killed, Richard, then only 14, showed great courage, shouting to the peasants to follow him. He led them off, calmed them down with promises of reforms, and convinced them to disperse to their homes. Although Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law, and the peasants were forced back into their old way of life, now they came and went in relation to the wages they were offered by the lords. The feudal system cracked and serfdom came to an end.

			The War of the Roses

			The seeds of the War of the Roses, a fundamental event in Renaissance times, dates back to Richard II’s reign. Edward III, his grandfather, died in 1377. The eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince (Richard´s father) had died in 1376, so Richard became king. As I have already mentioned his uncle, John of Gaunt, ruled the country, but as Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt’s son, Henry, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in 1400. Henry IV, not being the natural successor (but Edmund Earl of March), faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne but finally managed to keep it. Although the first battle of the War of the Roses took place in 1455 under Henry VI, the main aim was to restore the Yorkist line in the throne, which had been usurped by the Lancastrians and which belonged to Richard II by right. Noy until Henry VII (House of Lancaster) married Elizabeth of York in 1485 did the War of the Roses come to an end.

			Bibliography

			http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/richardii_reign_01.shtml
			http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm
			http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
			Jürgen Kramer. Britain and Ireland: A Concise History. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

WikiSysop at 15:57, 28 October 2012

2012-10-28T15:57:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:57, 28 October 2012
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			1367-1400. King of England from 1377 to 1399.

			Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent. Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his grandfather, Edward III; England was ruled by a council under the leadership of [[John of Gaunt]], and Richard was tutored by Sir Simon Burley.

	~~Richard II~~
	~~1377-1399 AD~~

	Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent. Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his grandfather, Edward III; England was ruled by a council under the leadership of John of Gaunt, and Richard was tutored by Sir Simon Burley.

WikiSysop: moved British Culture:Users to Richard II

2012-10-28T15:54:43Z

moved British Culture:Users to Richard II

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Aguees89: Created page with ' Richard II 1377-1399 AD Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent. Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his…'

2012-10-27T11:20:09Z

Created page with ' Richard II 1377-1399 AD Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent. Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his…'

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Richard II
1377-1399 AD

Richard II, born in 1367, was the son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent. Richard was but ten years old when he succeeded his grandfather, Edward III; England was ruled by a council under the leadership of John of Gaunt, and Richard was tutored by Sir Simon Burley.