Mary of Modena - Revision history

WikiSysop: /* Further Links */

2018-10-31T12:37:02Z

Further Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:37, 31 October 2018
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	English Monarchs <http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_4.htm~~> (28th~~ April 2010)		"James II and VII: 1685-1701 Early Life." ''English Monarchs'', http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_4.htm, last accessed 28 April 2010.

	Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton, ''Early Modern England 1485-1714'', Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.		Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton, ''Early Modern England 1485-1714'', Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.

Pankratz at 16:05, 30 October 2018

2018-10-30T16:05:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 30 October 2018
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	Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.		Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.
	James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with ~~[[cicatrices]]~~ – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. James, on the other hand, was really happy with his new wife.		James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with scars – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. James, on the other hand, was really happy with his new wife.
	After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.		After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.

Pankratz at 16:03, 30 October 2018

2018-10-30T16:03:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 30 October 2018
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	1658-1718. Second wife of [[James II]].		1658-1718. Second wife of [[James II]].

	Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born 5 October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died of cancer on 7 May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married [[James II]] and bore him several children: Catharina Laura (born in 1675, died shortly after birth), Isabel(born in 1676, died 1681), Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born in 1677, died shortly after birth), Charlotte Mary (born in 1682, died shortly after her birth), [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (born in 1688) and Louise Marie (born in 1692). In April 1712 both fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary died. Her brother, however, recovered.		Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born 5 October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died of cancer on 7 May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married [[James II]] and bore him several children: Catharina Laura (born in 1675, died shortly after birth), Isabel (born in 1676, died 1681), Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born in 1677, died shortly after birth), Charlotte Mary (born in 1682, died shortly after her birth), [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (born in 1688) and Louise Marie (born in 1692). In April 1712 both fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary died. Her brother, however, recovered.
	After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children escaped into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.		After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children escaped into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.

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	Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.		Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.
	James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with cicatrices – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. James, on the other hand, was really happy with his new wife.		James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with [[cicatrices]] – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. James, on the other hand, was really happy with his new wife.
	After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.		After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.

	In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant and gave birth to a son in 1688. This led to fear within the population of a Catholic dynasty. Seven leading politicians invited [[William of Orange]] to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and ~~Lady~~ Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.		In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant and gave birth to a son in 1688. This led to fear within the population of a Catholic dynasty. Seven leading politicians invited [[William of Orange]] to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and James's oldest daughter Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.
	~~In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox~~.

	In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As James Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the ~~reign~~ until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people James Francis Edward's aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of ~~King [[William of Orange]]~~.		In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As James Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the role of legitimate ruler until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people James Francis Edward's aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of the Protestant Stuarts.
	This act however failed and when James Francis Edward became 16 years old Mary's ~~reign~~ ended.		This act however failed and when James Francis Edward became 16 years old Mary's assumed role of ruler ended.

	Mary went on living in exile where she also died from cancer without having any contact to her relatives in England.		Mary went on living in exile where she also died from cancer without having any contact to her relatives in England.

Pankratz at 15:13, 29 April 2013

2013-04-29T15:13:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 29 April 2013
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	Mary was the oldest child of [[Alfonso IV]], Duke of Modena and [[Laura Martinozzi]]. As a member of a noble dynasty she received a good education. She spoke French and Italian fluently and was moreover taught in Latin and English.		Mary was the oldest child of Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena and Laura Martinozzi. As a member of a noble dynasty she received a good education. She spoke French and Italian fluently and was moreover taught in Latin and English.

	Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.		Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.

Pankratz at 15:12, 29 April 2013

2013-04-29T15:12:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 29 April 2013
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	~~== Introduction ==~~		1658-1718. Second wife of [[James II]].

			Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born 5 October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died of cancer on 7 May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married [[James II]] and bore him several children: Catharina Laura (born in 1675, died shortly after birth), Isabel(born in 1676, died 1681), Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born in 1677, died shortly after birth), Charlotte Mary (born in 1682, died shortly after her birth), [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (born in 1688) and Louise Marie (born in 1692). In April 1712 both fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary died. Her brother, however, recovered.
	~~Mary of Modena, whose full name was~~ Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born ~~on 5th~~ October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died of cancer on ~~7th~~ May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married ~~King~~ [[James II]] ~~who was titled King of England, Scotland~~ and ~~Ireland. She~~ bore him several children: Catharina Laura (born in 1675, died shortly after birth), Isabel(born in 1676, died 1681), Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born in 1677, died shortly after birth), Charlotte Mary (born in 1682, died shortly after her birth), [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (born in 1688) and Louise Marie (born in 1692). In April 1712 both fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary ~~even~~ died. Her brother, however recovered ~~and became the only successor of his father King [[James II]] and therefore should secure the continuity of the Catholic dynasty. This fact however never came true~~.		After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children escaped into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.
	After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children ~~had to escape~~ into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.


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	After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.		After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.

	From his last marriage James had two children: [[Mary II\|Lady Mary]] and [[Anne I\|Lady Anne]]. In contrast to Lady Anne, Lady Mary accepted Mary of Modena, her father’s second wife. In 1677 Lady Mary was married to William of Orange who should later send James II, his father-in-law, and Mary, his wife’s stepmother, into exile in France and take over the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.		In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant and gave birth to a son in 1688. This led to fear within the population of a Catholic dynasty. Seven leading politicians invited [[William of Orange]] to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and Lady Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.

	~~Mary as the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:~~

	In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant. ~~[[James II]] received a male heir which~~ led to fear within the population ~~as from now on the~~ Catholic ~~continuity of James's~~ dynasty ~~was secured. As people were afraid of [[Catholicism\|Catholics]] they started to search for a possible Protestant king~~. ~~At once seven~~ leading ~~Whigs~~ invited [[William of Orange]] to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and Lady Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.
	In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox.		In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox.

	James was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. With French support he first tried to invade Ireland. This was stopped in the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690.

	In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As James Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people James Francis Edward's aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of King [[William of Orange]].		In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As James Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people James Francis Edward's aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of King [[William of Orange]].

Pankratz at 14:25, 30 April 2010

2010-04-30T14:25:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 30 April 2010
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	James was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. With French support he first tried to invade Ireland. This was stopped in the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690.		James was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. With French support he first tried to invade Ireland. This was stopped in the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690.

	In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of King [[William of Orange]].		In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As James Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people James Francis Edward's aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of King [[William of Orange]].
	This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.		This act however failed and when James Francis Edward became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.

	Mary went on living in exile where she also died from cancer without having any contact to her relatives in England.		Mary went on living in exile where she also died from cancer without having any contact to her relatives in England.

Pankratz at 14:24, 30 April 2010

2010-04-30T14:24:47Z

Wichtel at 13:27, 28 April 2010

2010-04-28T13:27:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 28 April 2010
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	James however was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. This attack became known as the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in Ireland in 1690. He was however defeated again by William. Nevertheless Mary encouraged him all the time.		James however was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. This attack became known as the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in Ireland in 1690. He was however defeated again by William. Nevertheless Mary encouraged him all the time.

	In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was however only in Scotland where it was accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a ~~protestant~~ to facilitate his possibility of becoming ~~king~~ after William's death. Mary however was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priest in England and he should not block the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession line of King [[William of Orange]].		In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was however only in Scotland where it was accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary however was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priest in England and he should not block the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession line of King [[William of Orange]].
	This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.		This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.

Wichtel at 13:26, 28 April 2010

2010-04-28T13:26:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:26, 28 April 2010
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	English Monarchs <http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_4.htm> (28th April 2010)		English Monarchs <http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_4.htm> (28th April 2010)

	Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton, Early Modern England 1485-1714, Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.		Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton, ''Early Modern England 1485-1714'', Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.

	Haile, Martin, Queen Mary of Modena: her Life and Letters, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing , 2009.		Haile, Martin, ''Queen Mary of Modena: her Life and Letters'', Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2009.

Wichtel: Created page with '== Introduction == Mary of Modena, whose full name was Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born on 5th October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of…'

2010-04-28T13:25:45Z

Created page with '== Introduction == Mary of Modena, whose full name was Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born on 5th October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of…'

New page

== Introduction ==

Mary of Modena, whose full name was Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born on 5th October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died from cancer on 7th May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married King [[James II]] who was titled King of England, Scotland and Ireland. She bore him two children called Louise Mary and [[James Francis Edward Stuart]]. In April 1712 both children fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary even died. [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], her brother, however recovered and became the only ancestor of his father King [[James II]] and therefore should secure the continuity of the Catholic. This fact however never came true.
After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children had to escape into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.

== Her Life ==

Mary was the eldest child of [[Alfonso IV]], Duke of Modena and [[Laura Martinozzi]]. As a member of a noble dynasty she received a good education. She spoke French and Italian fluently and was moreover taught in Latin and English.

Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony. For James it was his second marriage.
James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with cicatrices – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. Contrary to James, he was really happy with his new wife.
After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.

From his last marriage James brought Mary two children: Lady Mary and Lady Anne. In comparison to Lady Anne, Lady Mary accepted Mary of Modena, her father’s second wife. In 1677 Lady Mary was married to William of Orange who should later send James II, his wife’s father, and Mary, his wife’s stepmother, into exile in France and take over the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Mary as the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:

In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant. [[James II]] received a male heir which led to fear within the population as from now on the Catholic continuity of James's dynasty was secured. As people were afraid of Catholics they started to search for a possible Protestant king. The son was called [[James Francis Edward]].
At once seven leading Whigs invited [[William of Orange]] who was a Protestant and married to one of James’s daughters of his first marriage to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and Lady Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.
In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox.

James however was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. This attack became known as the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in Ireland in 1690. He was however defeated again by William. Nevertheless Mary encouraged him all the time.

In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was however only in Scotland where it was accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming king after William's death. Mary however was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priest in England and he should not block the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession line of King [[William of Orange]].
This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.

Mary went on living in exile where she also died from cancer without having any contact to her relatives in England.

== Further Links ==

English Monarchs <http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_4.htm> (28th April 2010)

Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton, Early Modern England 1485-1714, Chichester: Blackwell Publishing, 2009.

Haile, Martin, Queen Mary of Modena: her Life and Letters, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing , 2009.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 30 April 2010
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	Mary of Modena, whose full name was Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born on 5th October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died ~~from~~ cancer on 7th May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married King [[James II]] who was titled King of England, Scotland and Ireland. She bore him ~~two~~ children ~~called Louise~~ Mary ~~and~~ [[James Francis Edward Stuart]]. In April 1712 both ~~children~~ fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary even died. ~~[[James Francis Edward Stuart]], her~~ brother, however recovered and became the only ~~ancestor~~ of his father King [[James II]] and therefore should secure the continuity of the Catholic. This fact however never came true.		Mary of Modena, whose full name was Maria Beatrice Eleonora Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este, was born on 5th October 1658 as Princess of the Italian Duchy of Modena and died of cancer on 7th May 1718. She was an abidingly Catholic woman. In 1673 she married King [[James II]] who was titled King of England, Scotland and Ireland. She bore him several children: Catharina Laura (born in 1675, died shortly after birth), Isabel(born in 1676, died 1681), Charles, Duke of Cambridge (born in 1677, died shortly after birth), Charlotte Mary (born in 1682, died shortly after her birth), [[James Francis Edward Stuart]] (born in 1688) and Louise Marie (born in 1692). In April 1712 both fell sick with smallpox and Louise Mary even died. Her brother, however recovered and became the only successor of his father King [[James II]] and therefore should secure the continuity of the Catholic dynasty. This fact however never came true.
	After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children had to escape into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.		After the [[Glorious Revolution]] Mary of Modena, her husband and her children had to escape into exile in France at the court of [[Louis XIV]] where she stayed until her death in 1718.

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	Mary was the ~~eldest~~ child of [[Alfonso IV]], Duke of Modena and [[Laura Martinozzi]]. As a member of a noble dynasty she received a good education. She spoke French and Italian fluently and was moreover taught in Latin and English.		Mary was the oldest child of [[Alfonso IV]], Duke of Modena and [[Laura Martinozzi]]. As a member of a noble dynasty she received a good education. She spoke French and Italian fluently and was moreover taught in Latin and English.

	Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony. For James it was his second marriage.		Mary saw her husband for the first time on the day of their second marriage ceremony (they had been married by proxy first). For James it was his second marriage.
	James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with cicatrices – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. ~~Contrary to~~ James, he was really happy with his new wife.		James was twenty-five years older than Mary and his face was covered with cicatrices – a result of his last disease: smallpox. Mary got desperate as she could not imagine living her whole life at King James' side. James, on the other hand, was really happy with his new wife.
	After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.		After a while after both got to know each other more closely Mary changed her attitude towards him and started to accept and like him.

	From his last marriage James ~~brought Mary~~ two children: Lady Mary and Lady Anne. In ~~comparison~~ to Lady Anne, Lady Mary accepted Mary of Modena, her father’s second wife. In 1677 Lady Mary was married to William of Orange who should later send James II, his ~~wife’s~~ father, and Mary, his wife’s stepmother, into exile in France and take over the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.		From his last marriage James had two children: [[Mary II\|Lady Mary]] and [[Anne I\|Lady Anne]]. In contrast to Lady Anne, Lady Mary accepted Mary of Modena, her father’s second wife. In 1677 Lady Mary was married to William of Orange who should later send James II, his father-in-law, and Mary, his wife’s stepmother, into exile in France and take over the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.

	Mary as the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:		Mary as the Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland:

	In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant. [[James II]] received a male heir which led to fear within the population as from now on the Catholic continuity of James's dynasty was secured. As people were afraid of Catholics they started to search for a possible Protestant king. ~~The son was called [[James Francis Edward]].~~		In 1687 Mary of Modena became pregnant. [[James II]] received a male heir which led to fear within the population as from now on the Catholic continuity of James's dynasty was secured. As people were afraid of [[Catholicism\|Catholics]] they started to search for a possible Protestant king. At once seven leading Whigs invited [[William of Orange]] to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and Lady Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.
	At once seven leading Whigs invited [[William of Orange]] ~~who was a Protestant and married to one of James’s daughters of his first marriage~~ to prevent England from a Catholic reign. After a hard battle which became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]] James, his wife Mary and their son Edward had to flee into exile in France to [[Louis XIV]], and William and Lady Mary took over the throne as Joint Rulers.
	In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox.		In exile Mary's daughter Louise Mary was born who died later at the age of twenty from smallpox.

	James ~~however~~ was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. This ~~attack became known as~~ the [[Battle of the Boyne]] ~~in Ireland~~ in 1690~~. He was however defeated again by William. Nevertheless Mary encouraged him all the time~~.		James was not satisfied with the fact that he had to give up the throne. That is why he planned an attack to gain everything back. With French support he first tried to invade Ireland. This was stopped in the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690.

	In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was ~~however~~ only in Scotland where it was accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary ~~however~~ was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic ~~priest~~ in England and he should not ~~block~~ the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession line of King [[William of Orange]].		In 1701 [[James II]] became ill and died. As Edward was too young to become king it was Mary who took over the reign until her son would be old enough to do it on his own. As her first act she prepared a manifesto which showed all English people [[James Francis Edward]]'s aims. It was only in Scotland where it was - partly - accepted. Scottish lords even tried to convince Mary of the fact that her son had to become a Protestant to facilitate his possibility of becoming King after William's death. Mary was not satisfied with this solution and that is why it was agreed that when James should become king he should limit Catholic priests in England and he should not obstruct the Church of England. Scottish lords promised to do everything to stop the succession of the line of King [[William of Orange]].
	This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.		This act however failed and when [[James Francis Edward]] became 16 years old Mary's reign ended.

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	Haile, Martin, ''Queen Mary of Modena: her Life and Letters'', Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2009.		Haile, Martin, ''Queen Mary of Modena: her Life and Letters'', Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2009.

			Panzer, Marita A. ''Englands Königinnen. Von den Tudors zu den Windsors''. München: Piper, 2003.