https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=James_II 2026-05-11T17:55:41Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12176&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:52:51Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:52, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Husband of Anne Hyde and Mary of Modena. Father of [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. And [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Husband of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Anne Hyde<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>and Mary of Modena. Father of [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. And [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-12175:rev-12176:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12175&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:52:34Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:52, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Married to </del>Anne Hyde <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(a Protestant </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the daughter </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, </del>[[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, </del>[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Husband of </ins>Anne Hyde and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mary of Modena. Father </ins>of [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">And </ins>[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-12174:rev-12175:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12174&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:51:04Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:51, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Henrietta Maria of France|</ins>Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] and later the Commonwealth in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of the English Republic. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-12171:rev-12174:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12171&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:39:00Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:39, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Oliver Cromwell]], Lord Protector of England at that time</del>. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and later the Commonwealth </ins>in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the English Republic</ins>. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moreover, the </del>birth of James's son James Francis Edward (his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called Glorious Revolution.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>birth of James's son James Francis Edward (his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called Glorious Revolution.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-12170:rev-12171:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12170&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:37:02Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:37, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen [[Henrietta Maria]]. Brother of [[Charles II]]. Married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">James Francis Edward Stuart|</ins>James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of [[Oliver Cromwell]], Lord Protector of England at that time. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of [[Oliver Cromwell]], Lord Protector of England at that time. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>James Francis Edward <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stuart|James Francis Edward]] </del>(his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called Glorious Revolution.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son James Francis Edward (his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called Glorious Revolution.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-12169:rev-12170:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=12169&oldid=prev 2018-10-18T09:34:53Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:34, 18 October 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England, Scotland and Ireland 1685-1688. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Henrietta Maria<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Brother of </ins>[[Charles II]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Married </ins>to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward]]. He left England during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He succeeded his older brother </del>[[Charles II]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to the English (and Scottish) throne</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">First, he was married </del>to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, [[James Francis Edward]]. He left England <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the English throne </del>during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family</del>. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Oliver Cromwell<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, Lord Protector of England at that time. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. And the [[Popish Plot]].  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Glorious Revolution<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">against William’s troops</del>, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After his accession to the throne in 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptised Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange, the husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on [[5 November]] 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called Glorious Revolution.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He </del>lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">James </ins>lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sources:  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sources:  </div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-10915:rev-12169:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=10915&oldid=prev 2016-11-03T14:49:05Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:49, 3 November 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from </del>1685 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>1688.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Scotland and Ireland </ins>1685<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>1688<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria</ins>.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. </del>He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, [[Mary II|Mary]] and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>James Francis Edward<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France and the Netherlands, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was then under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-10866:rev-10915:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=10866&oldid=prev 2016-10-19T15:15:51Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:15, 19 October 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England from 1685 to 1688.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1633-1701. King of England from 1685 to 1688.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, Mary and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Mary <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">II|Mary]] </ins>and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the Netherlands</ins>, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">then </ins>under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">baptized </del>Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>William of Orange<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] (</del>husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they </del>invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the 5th of </del>November 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">And the [[Popish Plot]]. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his accession to the throne in </ins>1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">baptised </ins>Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to William of Orange<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, the </ins>husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary, and invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[5 </ins>November<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sources: </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eßer, Raingard. &#039;&#039;Die Tudors und die Stuarts.&#039;&#039; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2004.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eßer, Raingard. &#039;&#039;Die Tudors und die Stuarts.&#039;&#039; Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2004.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-5454:rev-10866:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=5454&oldid=prev 2010-07-12T19:58:22Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:58, 12 July 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptized Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to [[William of Orange]] (husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary), and they invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on the 5th of November <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1588</del>. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptized Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to [[William of Orange]] (husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary), and they invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on the 5th of November <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1688</ins>. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-5151:rev-5454:php=table --> </table>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=5151&oldid=prev 2010-06-07T13:57:50Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:57, 7 June 2010</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, Mary and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, Mary and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">civil war</del>]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Civil War</ins>]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James&#039;s son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptized Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to [[William of Orange]] (husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary), and they invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on the 5th of November 1588. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James&#039;s son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptized Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to [[William of Orange]] (husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary), and they invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on the 5th of November 1588. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-5150:rev-5151:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz