Interregnum - Revision history

WikiSysop at 18:57, 11 January 2017

2017-01-11T18:57:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 11 January 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Time between 1649 and 1660 when England was a republic.		Time between 1649 and 1660 when England was a republic.


	~~----~~

	===What happened===		===What happened===

	On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before ~~lawtexts~~ mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Haan 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a [[Commonwealth of England\|Commonwealth]] or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before law texts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Haan 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	On 20 April 1653, the core of Parliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilise England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependent on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under [[Elizabeth I]]. <br>		On 20 April 1653, the core of [[Parliament]] was dissolved, in December the [[Puritanism\|Puritans]] were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "[[Lord Protector]] of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilise England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependent on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under [[Elizabeth I]]. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core Parliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son [[Richard Cromwell]] could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core Parliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and [[Charles II]] became king, the [[House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords]] as well as the [[Church of England\|State church]] were reestablished.


	~~----~~

	===Aims===		===Aims===
	The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. [[Levellers\|Leveller]] groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>		The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. [[Levellers\|Leveller]] groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>


	~~----~~

	===Ireland and Scotland===		===Ireland and Scotland===
Line 23:		Line 14:
	The republic had a standing army of 44.000 men and thus possessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilians were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.		The republic had a standing army of 44.000 men and thus possessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilians were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.
	Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.		Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.


	~~----~~

	===Religion===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism occurred: the parishes were left to decide how mass should be held. Thus, the [[Act of Uniformity\|Uniformity]] of the 16th century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on Sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on Sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occurred: the parishes were left to decide how mass should be held. Thus, the [[Act of Uniformity\|Uniformity]] of the 16th century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on Sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on Sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).


	~~----~~

	===Trade===		===Trade===
	In 1651, the Navigation Act was introduced, which lead to the war against the Netherlands. From 1652 to 1654, England was successful in several naval battles.		In 1651, the Navigation Act was introduced, which lead to the war against the Netherlands. From 1652 to 1654, England was successful in several naval battles.


	~~----~~

	===Why did it fail===		===Why did it fail===
	The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposition but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.		The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposition but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.


	~~----~~

	===Sources===		===Sources===

Azim: Undo revision 2739 by Pankratz (Talk)

2009-07-22T11:23:15Z

Undo revision 2739 by Pankratz (Talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:23, 22 July 2009
Line 7:		Line 7:

	On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Haan 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Haan 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	On 20 April 1653, the core of Parliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilise England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependent on Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under [[Elizabeth I]]. <br>		On 20 April 1653, the core of Parliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilise England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependent on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under [[Elizabeth I]]. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core ~~parliament~~ again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core Parliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.


Line 14:		Line 14:

	===Aims===		===Aims===
	The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. [[Leveller]] groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>		The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. [[Levellers\|Leveller]] groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>


Line 28:		Line 28:

	===Religion===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism occurred: the parishes were left to decide how mass should be held. Thus, the ~~rule of~~ [[Act of Uniformity\|Uniformity]] of the 16th century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on Sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on Sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occurred: the parishes were left to decide how mass should be held. Thus, the [[Act of Uniformity\|Uniformity]] of the 16th century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on Sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on Sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).

Pankratz at 06:51, 22 July 2009

2009-07-22T06:51:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:51, 22 July 2009
Line 6:		Line 6:
	===What happened===		===What happened===

	On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (~~Heiner~~ 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Haan 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	On 20 April 1653, the core of ~~the coreparliament~~ was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to ~~stabilised~~ England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless ~~dependant~~ on ~~the~~ Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. ~~The~~ Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under ~~Elizabth~~ I. <br>		On 20 April 1653, the core of Parliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilise England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependent on Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under [[Elizabeth I]]. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the ~~coreparliament~~ again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core parliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.


Line 14:		Line 14:

	===Aims===		===Aims===
	The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. Leveller groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>		The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. [[Leveller]] groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>


Line 21:		Line 21:
	===Ireland and Scotland===		===Ireland and Scotland===

	The republic had a standing army of ~~fourtyfourthousand~~ men and thus ~~posessed~~ the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many ~~civilists~~ were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.		The republic had a standing army of 44.000 men and thus possessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilians were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.
	Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.		Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.

Line 28:		Line 28:

	===Religion===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism ~~occured~~: the ~~parrishes~~ were left to decide how ~~their~~ mass should be ~~like~~. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the ~~16.~~ century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on ~~sunday~~, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on ~~sundays~~ was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occurred: the parishes were left to decide how mass should be held. Thus, the rule of [[Act of Uniformity\|Uniformity]] of the 16th century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on Sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on Sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).


Line 40:		Line 40:

	===Why did it fail===		===Why did it fail===
	The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful ~~opposer~~ but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.		The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposition but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.

Azim at 21:18, 21 July 2009

2009-07-21T21:18:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 21 July 2009
Line 9:		Line 9:
	On 20 April 1653, the core of the coreparliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilised England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependant on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under Elizabth I. <br>		On 20 April 1653, the core of the coreparliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilised England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependant on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under Elizabth I. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the coreparliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the coreparliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.


	----		----
Line 14:		Line 15:
	===Aims===		===Aims===
	The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. Leveller groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>		The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. Leveller groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>


	----		----
Line 21:		Line 23:
	The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilists were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.		The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilists were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.
	Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.		Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.


	----		----
Line 26:		Line 29:
	===Religion===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).


	----		----
Line 31:		Line 35:
	===Trade===		===Trade===
	In 1651, the Navigation Act was introduced, which lead to the war against the Netherlands. From 1652 to 1654, England was successful in several naval battles.		In 1651, the Navigation Act was introduced, which lead to the war against the Netherlands. From 1652 to 1654, England was successful in several naval battles.


	----		----
Line 36:		Line 41:
	===Why did it fail===		===Why did it fail===
	The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.		The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.


	----		----

Azim at 21:14, 21 July 2009

2009-07-21T21:14:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 21 July 2009
Line 6:		Line 6:
	===What happened===		===What happened===

	On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the ~~administartion~~ lay in the hands of the Privy Council ~~with its fourty members~~. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On 30 January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administration lay in the hands of the Privy Council. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	On 20 April 1653, the core of the coreparliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilised England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy, he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependant on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under Elizabth I. <br>		On 20 April 1653, the core of the coreparliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilised England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy; he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependant on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under Elizabth I. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the coreparliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved ~~again~~. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the coreparliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.

	----		----
Line 20:		Line 20:

	The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilists were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.		The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilists were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.
	Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After he and his troops were defeated in England, ~~Charles II~~ fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.		Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After Charles II and his troops were defeated in England, he fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.

	----		----

	===Religion===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the ~~decicion~~ of what to do on sundays was ~~restricted~~ by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (dance, sports, game and visiting inns).		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decision of what to do on sundays was limited by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (including dance, sports, game and visiting inns).

	----		----
Line 35:		Line 35:

	===Why did it fail===		===Why did it fail===
	~~But the~~ military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a ~~finacial~~ burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.		The military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it did not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a financial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.

	----		----

Azim at 21:07, 21 July 2009

2009-07-21T21:07:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 21 July 2009
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	On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	on 20 April 1653, the core of the ~~Parliament~~ was dissolved ~~and on 15~~ December Cromwell was declared ~~the~~ Lord Protector. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united.		On 20 April 1653, the core of the coreparliament was dissolved, in December the Puritans were included as the Parliament of Saints where they tried to influence politics according to their religion. A few days later, Cromwell was declared "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland" (Maurer 1997: 205). He tried to stabilised England through a written constitution. Cromwell was responsible for administration, foreign policy, he had a fixed budget and an army, but he was nevertheless dependant on the Parliament, which had to come together at least every three years. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united. The Parliament was dissolved but had to be recalled for the war against Spain. In that way, Oliver Cromwell tried to continue the naval power that England had under Elizabth I. <br>
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the ~~core of the Parliament~~ again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved again. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the coreparliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved again. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.

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	===Aims===		===Aims===
	The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. Leveller groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>		The first aim was to secure the power and the second to expand it. This lead to a more active foreign policy. Leveller groups were dissolved and rebellions in Ireland and Scotland were defeated.<br>
	But the military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a finacial burden.

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	===~~Relifion~~===		===Religion===
	In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decicion of what to do on sundays was restricted by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement.		In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. For the first time since the middle ages, Jews were allowed to come to England from 1656 on. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decicion of what to do on sundays was restricted by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement (dance, sports, game and visiting inns).

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			===Trade===
			In 1651, the Navigation Act was introduced, which lead to the war against the Netherlands. From 1652 to 1654, England was successful in several naval battles.

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	===Why did it fail===		===Why did it fail===
	The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.		But the military power did not help to consolidate the new system as the public did not stand behind it. And furthermore, the core of the Parliament was represented by a minority. Some parts of the country were not represented at all. But it not really matter who was on top as long as the result was still a finacial burden. The republic did not fail because of powerful opposer but mainly because it lacked the acceptance of the political nation.

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Azim at 20:43, 21 July 2009

2009-07-21T20:43:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:43, 21 July 2009
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	On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>		On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
	on 20 April 1653, the core of the Parliament was dissolved and on 15 December Cromwell was declared the Lord Protector. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united.		on 20 April 1653, the core of the Parliament was dissolved and on 15 December Cromwell was declared the Lord Protector. The following year, England, Ireland, and Scotland were united.
	On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died ~~but~~ his son could not keep his function up.		On 3 September 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard Cromwell could not keep his function up as he lacked the support of the army. The generals Fleetwood and Lambert forced him to abdicate and summoned the core of the Parliament again. As it tried to cut down the army, it was dissolved again. Finally, as everything else failed the monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II became king, the House of Commons and the House of Lords as well as the State church were reestablished.
	In 1660 ~~a convention was announced:~~ the ~~beginning~~ of the ~~Restoration~~.

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	===Ireland and Scotland===		===Ireland and Scotland===

	The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland where ~~people~~ were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.		The republic had a standing army of fourtyfourthousand men and thus posessed the greatest military power at that time, which it directed towards Ireland. Ireland's position was the total opposition towards England. Several incidents in Ireland (e.g. in Drogheda and Wexford) where many civilists were killed stirred up the hatred against England even more.
	Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. After he and his troops were defeated in England, Charles II fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.		Then, Cromwell directed his power towards Scotland. He triumphed in Dunbar and Edinburgh. After he and his troops were defeated in England, Charles II fled to France and Scotland lost its independence for nine years.

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			===Relifion===
			In religious matters, a relative pluralism occured: the parrishes were left to decide how their mass should be like. Thus, the rule of Uniformity of the 16. century lapsed. There was not obligatory mass on sunday, but on the other hand the decicion of what to do on sundays was restricted by strict rules that forbid every kind of amusement.
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Azim at 19:55, 21 July 2009

2009-07-21T19:55:12Z

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 ===What happened===
-On 17 march 1649, England became a republic. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182).
+On January 1649, [[Charles I]] was executed and on 6 and 7 February the House of Lords and the monarchy were abolished. On 19 Mai 1649, England became a Commonwealth or Free State. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. The executive power was lead by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182). But the republic remained a republic without republicans.<br>
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 * Haan, Heiner; Niedhart, Gottfried. ''Geschichte Englands vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H.Beck, 1993.

Azim: Created page with 'Time between 1649 and 1660 when England was a republic. ---- ===What happened=== On 17 march 1649, England became a republic. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the …'

2009-07-21T19:16:14Z

Created page with 'Time between 1649 and 1660 when England was a republic. ---- ===What happened=== On 17 march 1649, England became a republic. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the …'

New page

Time between 1649 and 1660 when England was a republic.

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===What happened===

On 17 march 1649, England became a republic. Now, the administartion lay in the hands of the Privy Council with its fourty members. Whereas before lawtexts mentioned the king, they now spoke of the "Keepers of the Liberties of England" (Heiner 1993: 182).

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===Sources===

* Haan, Heiner; Niedhart, Gottfried. ''Geschichte Englands vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H.Beck, 1993.