Exclusion Crisis - Revision history

WikiSysop: /* Sources */

2018-10-31T12:28:25Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:28, 31 October 2018
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	Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford: University Press, 1997.		Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford: University Press, 1997.

	http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml		Vallance, Edward. "The Glorious Revolution." ''BBC'', last updated 17 Feb 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml.

Pankratz at 14:33, 22 October 2018

2018-10-22T14:33:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:33, 22 October 2018
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	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in [[Stuarts\|Stuart] England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in [[Stuarts\|Stuart] England.

	In the three [[Parliament\|parliaments]] called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of [[Shaftesbury]]) tried to use their majority in the [[House of Commons]] to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the [[House of Lords]] or by the king using his [[Royal prerogative\|royal prerogatives]]. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles's death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three [[Parliament\|parliaments]] called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the [[Earl of Shaftesbury]]) tried to use their majority in the [[House of Commons]] to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the [[House of Lords]] or by the king using his [[Royal prerogative\|royal prerogatives]]. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles's death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).

	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.

Pankratz at 14:32, 22 October 2018

2018-10-22T14:32:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 22 October 2018
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	Period of intense political struggle ~~1679 – 1681~~ for the succession to the English throne.		1679–1681. Period of intense political struggle for the succession to the English throne.

	In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, Duke of York (the later [[James II]]).		In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, Duke of York (the later [[James II]]).
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	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in [[Stuarts\|Stuart] England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in [[Stuarts\|Stuart] England.

	In the three [[Parliament\|parliaments]] called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the [[House of Commons]] to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the [[House of Lords]] or by the king using his [[Royal prerogative\|royal prerogatives]]. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three [[Parliament\|parliaments]] called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of [[Shaftesbury]]) tried to use their majority in the [[House of Commons]] to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the [[House of Lords]] or by the king using his [[Royal prerogative\|royal prerogatives]]. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles's death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).

	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.

WikiSysop at 18:12, 11 January 2017

2017-01-11T18:12:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:12, 11 January 2017
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	Period of intense political struggle 1679 – 1681 for the succession to the English throne		Period of intense political struggle 1679 – 1681 for the succession to the English throne.

	In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, Duke of York (the later [[James II]]).		In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, Duke of York (the later [[James II]]).

	However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.		However, James was a converted [[Catholicism\|Catholic]], which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic [[Absolutism\|absolutist]] monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.

	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in [[Stuarts\|Stuart] England.

	In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three [[Parliament\|parliaments]] called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the [[House of Commons]] to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the [[House of Lords]] or by the king using his [[Royal prerogative\|royal prerogatives]]. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).
	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.

	The exclusionists’ campaign against James highlighted the conflict between crown and Parliament since the 1660s. It can be seen as a radical move by Parliament to dictate royal succession which contrasts with conventional assumptions about the divine nature of monarchical rule. In hindsight, many arguments and discourses of the Glorious Revolution can be detected in the discussions during the Exclusion crisis.		The exclusionists’ campaign against James highlighted the conflict between crown and Parliament since the 1660s. It can be seen as a radical move by Parliament to dictate royal succession which contrasts with conventional assumptions about the [[Divine Right\|divine nature of monarchical rule]]. In hindsight, many arguments and discourses of the [[Glorious Revolution]] can be detected in the discussions during the Exclusion crisis.

			== Sources ==

	Sources:

	Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford: University Press, 1997.		Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford: University Press, 1997.

	http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml		http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml

WikiSysop: moved Exclusion crisis to Exclusion Crisis

2009-07-10T01:33:04Z

moved Exclusion crisis to Exclusion Crisis

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:33, 10 July 2009
(No difference)

Pankratz at 17:54, 1 July 2009

2009-07-01T17:54:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 1 July 2009
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	However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.		However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.

	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the ~~death~~ of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.

	In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).

Pankratz at 16:03, 4 June 2009

2009-06-04T16:03:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 4 June 2009
Line 7:		Line 7:
	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.

	In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Charles II ~~refused to consent and on 28 March 1681 managed to dissolve~~ the so-called Oxford Parliament. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Eventually, Charles II dissolved the so-called Oxford Parliament 28 March, 1681. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).
	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.

	The exclusionists’ campaign against James highlighted the conflict between crown and Parliament since the 1660s. It can be seen as a radical move by Parliament to dictate royal succession which contrasts with conventional assumptions about the divine nature of monarchical rule.		The exclusionists’ campaign against James highlighted the conflict between crown and Parliament since the 1660s. It can be seen as a radical move by Parliament to dictate royal succession which contrasts with conventional assumptions about the divine nature of monarchical rule. In hindsight, many arguments and discourses of the Glorious Revolution can be detected in the discussions during the Exclusion crisis.

WikiSysop at 13:39, 27 May 2009

2009-05-27T13:39:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 27 May 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Period of intense political struggle 1679 – 1681 for the succession to the English throne		Period of intense political struggle 1679 – 1681 for the succession to the English throne

	In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, ~~duke~~ of York (the later [[James II]]).		In the late 1670s, the issue of royal succession raised public concerns and anxieties. [[Charles II]], although fathering many illegitimate children, had produced no legitimate heirs. According to the laws of primogeniture and dynasty, the crown was then to pass to Charles’s younger brother James, Duke of York (the later [[James II]]).

	However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.		However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.
Line 7:		Line 7:
	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.

	In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented Whigs (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Charles II refused to consent and on 28 March 1681 managed to dissolve the so-called Oxford Parliament. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented [[Whigs]] (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Charles II refused to consent and on 28 March 1681 managed to dissolve the so-called Oxford Parliament. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).
	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.

Pankratz at 09:16, 25 May 2009

2009-05-25T09:16:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 25 May 2009
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	Sources:		Sources:

	Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). The Oxford ~~companion~~ to British ~~history~~. Oxford: University Press, 1997.		Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford: University Press, 1997.

	http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml		http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/glorious_revolution_01.shtml

Pankratz at 11:42, 22 May 2009

2009-05-22T11:42:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 22 May 2009
Line 5:		Line 5:
	However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.		However, James was a converted Catholic, which had already been publicly known since 1673. His religious denomination provoked the widespread fear among people that once king, James would introduce a Catholic absolutist monarchy modelled on the French system under [[Louis XIV]]. These fears and apprehensions led to the attempts to prevent James from succeeding to the English throne, commonly known as the Exclusion crisis.

	The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund ~~Bury~~ Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.		The beginning of the actual crisis is usually dated back to 1678, when Titus Oates fabricated the so-called [[Popish Plot]]. In September 1678, Oates, a former Jesuit novice who had converted to the Catholic faith in 1677, unveiled a supposed Jesuit conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant establishment and to assassinate Charles II. According to Oates, the French were about to invade England via Ireland and place James on the throne. Evidence supporting Oates’s claim was soon discovered, and the death of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey (the magistrate before whom Oates had presented his allegations) gave further credibility to the plot, and led to another wave of mass hysteria throughout the country, fuelled by a deep-seated fear of ‘popery and arbitrary government’ (which was associated with tyranny) in Stuart England.

	In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented Whigs (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated by the king using his royal prerogatives. Charles II refused to consent and on 28 March 1681 managed to dissolve Parliament~~, and~~ Parliament was not summoned until 1685. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).		In the three parliaments called between 1679 and 1681 discontented Whigs (led by the Earl of Shaftesbury) tried to use their majority in the House of Commons to promote measures excluding James from succession to the throne. However, all their bills were defeated. Either by the House of Lords or by the king using his royal prerogatives. Charles II refused to consent and on 28 March 1681 managed to dissolve the so-called Oxford Parliament. Parliament was not summoned until 1685, after Charles' death. Charles’s resolute position was strengthened by an agreement with France, by which the king received £385,000 over three years (over which he could dispose without having to summon Parliament for taxes).
	The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.		The exclusionist movement itself lost many of its supporters as fears of a new civil war increased because of the radical tactics (mass petitions, demonstrations) that were used. Moreover, the refusal of Charles II to summon Parliament took away its platform.