Enlightenment - Revision history

WikiSysop at 09:41, 10 April 2019

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	In Germany the ''Aufklärung'', which already began in the mid-17th century, was a literary and philosophical movement lead by thinkers like Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant.		In Germany the ''Aufklärung'', which already began in the mid-17th century, was a literary and philosophical movement lead by thinkers like Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant.

	French Enlightenment was closely connected to the group of the ''philosophes'' who were authors, scientists and thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Their appeal against social injustice caused by the countries governing classes provided “the intellectual basis for the [[French Revolution]]” (~~Oxford~~ 200).		French Enlightenment was closely connected to the group of the ''philosophes'' who were authors, scientists and thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Their appeal against social injustice caused by the countries governing classes provided “the intellectual basis for the [[French Revolution]]” (Isaacs, Alan et al 200).

	== English Enlightenment ==		== English Enlightenment ==
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	The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.		The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.
	In literature the ideas of the Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced the rise of the novel (cf. ~~Oxford~~). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.		In literature the ideas of the Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced the rise of the novel (cf. Isaacs, Alan et al). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.

	British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had gone through a phase of constitutional debates (which had cost [[Charles I]] his head and brought his son, [[James II]], into exile). Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with two revolutions quite early in comparison to other European powers, its religious and aristocratic powers diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.		British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had gone through a phase of constitutional debates (which had cost [[Charles I]] his head and brought his son, [[James II]], into exile). Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with two revolutions quite early in comparison to other European powers, its religious and aristocratic powers diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.

WikiSysop: /* Sources */

2019-04-10T09:40:57Z

Sources

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	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

	~~Historyworld~~.~~net~~		Brians, Paul. "The Enlightenment." ''The Website of Prof. Paul Brians'', Washington State University, original link: http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html, archived version: https://web.archive.org/web/20100528014826/http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html, current version: https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/10/12/the-enlightenment/. Accessed 30 Nov. 2010.
	30 Nov. 2010 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oaq>
			Gascoigne, Bamber. "History of Scotland: The Scottish Enlightenment: 1748-1785." ''History World'', from 2001, ongoing, http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oaq>. Accessed 30 Nov. 2010.

	Isaacs, Alan et al. eds. ''Oxford Dictionary of World History''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.		Isaacs, Alan et al. eds. ''Oxford Dictionary of World History''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.

	~~wsu - Washington State University Homepage~~
	~~30 Nov. 2010 <http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html>~~

WikiSysop at 11:52, 23 December 2017

2017-12-23T11:52:26Z

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	== Influences and background ==		== Influences and background ==

	The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th centuries [[humanist]] thoughts using ancient Greek and Roman traditions to provoke changes in society especially in the gloom of Christian doctrines of the Middle Ages and establishing an optimistic view on the human individual and his capacities as the crown of creation.		The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th centuries [[Humanism\|humanist]] thoughts using ancient Greek and Roman traditions to provoke changes in society especially in the gloom of Christian doctrines of the Middle Ages and establishing an optimistic view on the human individual and his capacities as the crown of creation.

	In the 16th century the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne initiated ideas known today as [[cultural relativism]]. Cultural relativists used the examples of other cultures to influence the development of their societies. They argued that cultural orientations and dogmas are no absolute truths so that no dominant culture has the right to impose their beliefs on any other inferior cultural group.		In the 16th century the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne initiated ideas known today as [[cultural relativism]]. Cultural relativists used the examples of other cultures to influence the development of their societies. They argued that cultural orientations and dogmas are no absolute truths so that no dominant culture has the right to impose their beliefs on any other inferior cultural group.

Alice: /* English Enlightenment */

2010-12-06T20:13:20Z

English Enlightenment

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 6 December 2010
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	== English Enlightenment ==		== English Enlightenment ==

	Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by [[John Locke]], the Scot [[David Hume]] and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.		Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by the English [[John Locke]], the Scot [[David Hume]] and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.

	The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.		The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.
	In literature the ideas of the Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced the rise of the novel (cf. Oxford). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.		In literature the ideas of the Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced the rise of the novel (cf. Oxford). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.

	British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had gone through a phase of constitutional debates (which had cost [[Charles I]] his head and brought his son, [[James II]], into exile). Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with two revolutions quite early in comparison to other European powers, its religious and aristocratic powers diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.		British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had gone through a phase of constitutional debates (which had cost [[Charles I]] his head and brought his son, [[James II]], into exile). Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with two revolutions quite early in comparison to other European powers, its religious and aristocratic powers diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.



	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Alice at 20:11, 6 December 2010

2010-12-06T20:11:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:11, 6 December 2010
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	== English Enlightenment ==		== English Enlightenment ==

	Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by ~~the~~ [[John Locke]], the Scot [[David Hume]] and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.		Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by [[John Locke]], the Scot [[David Hume]] and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.

	The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.		The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.

Pankratz at 12:52, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T12:52:53Z

Alice: Created page with '== Influences and background == The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th century humanist thoughts using ancient Gre…'

2010-12-01T22:14:23Z

Created page with '== Influences and background == The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th century humanist thoughts using ancient Gre…'

New page

== Influences and background ==

The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th century [[humanist]] thoughts using ancient Greek and Roman traditions to provoke changes in society especially in the gloom of Christian doctrines of the Middle Ages and establishing an optimistic view on the human individual and his capacities as the crown of creation.

In the 16th century the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne initiated the theoretic thinking that is known today as [[cultural relativism]]. Cultural relativists used the examples of other cultures to influence on the development of their societies. They argued that cultural orientations and dogmas are no absolute truths so that no dominant culture has the right to impose their beliefs on any other inferior cultural group.

In the 17th century philosopher René Descartes based his most important theories on the force of reason and doing so paved the theoretical way for future philosophers.

Additionally to the theoretical movements there were economic, social and political changes in Renaissance Europe that promoted the establishment and future flourishing of enlightenment thought. Among these changes were for instance the improvement of trade and communication, the rural exodus and urbanization. Additional support for the prosperity of these philosophical movements came from the economically and socially very powerful aristocracy where many of the most enthusiastic followers of the new thinking belonged to.

== The Enlightenment Movement ==

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason) derived from the ideas and thoughts of philosophers and universal scholars from mainly France and England between the 17th and 19th century. These thinkers believed that human reason could be used “to combat ignorance, superstition and tyranny and to build a better world” (cf. wsu). Their writings were principally directed against the domination of society by religion –mainly the Christian dogma - and by a hereditary aristocracy. Philosophical thought, scientific method and rationality became their means in the fight against inequality and injustice.

In Germany the Aufklärung, which already began in the mid-17th century, was a literary and philosophical movement lead by thinkers like Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant.

French Enlightenment was closely connected to the group of the philosophes who were authors, scientists and thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Their appeal against social injustice caused by the countries governing classes provided “the intellectual basis for the [[French Revolution]]” (cf. Oxford p. 200).

== English Enlightenment ==

Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by the English thinker John Locke, the Scot David Hume and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment thought. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.

The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and Adam Smith that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (cf. sic. Historyworld), published the [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.
In literature the ideas of Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced on the rise of the novel (cf. Oxford). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.

British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had decapitated its king back in the 17th century, so that its monarchy had to change from absolute to constitutional. Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with a revolution ([[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688) quite early in comparison to other European powers, her religious and aristocratic powers now diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.

== Sources ==

Historyworld.net
30 Nov. 2010 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oaq>

Isaacs, Alan et al. eds. Oxford Dictionary of World History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.

wsu - Washington State University Homepage
30 Nov. 2010 <http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 2 December 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Influences and background ==		== Influences and background ==

	The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th ~~century~~ [[humanist]] thoughts using ancient Greek and Roman traditions to provoke changes in society especially in the gloom of Christian doctrines of the Middle Ages and establishing an optimistic view on the human individual and his capacities as the crown of creation.		The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by different philosophical movements. In the 14th and 15th centuries [[humanist]] thoughts using ancient Greek and Roman traditions to provoke changes in society especially in the gloom of Christian doctrines of the Middle Ages and establishing an optimistic view on the human individual and his capacities as the crown of creation.

	In the 16th century the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne initiated ~~the theoretic thinking that is~~ known today as [[cultural relativism]]. Cultural relativists used the examples of other cultures to influence on the development of their societies. They argued that cultural orientations and dogmas are no absolute truths so that no dominant culture has the right to impose their beliefs on any other inferior cultural group.		In the 16th century the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne initiated ideas known today as [[cultural relativism]]. Cultural relativists used the examples of other cultures to influence the development of their societies. They argued that cultural orientations and dogmas are no absolute truths so that no dominant culture has the right to impose their beliefs on any other inferior cultural group.

	In the 17th century philosopher René Descartes based his most important theories on the force of reason and doing so paved the theoretical way for future philosophers.		In the 17th century philosopher René Descartes based his most important theories on the force of reason ("cogito ergo sum") and doing so paved the theoretical way for future philosophers.

	~~Additionally~~ to the theoretical movements there were economic, social and political changes in Renaissance Europe that promoted the establishment and future flourishing of ~~enlightenment~~ thought. Among these changes were for instance the improvement of trade and communication, the rural exodus and urbanization. Additional support for the prosperity of these philosophical movements came from the economically and socially very powerful aristocracy ~~where~~ many of the most enthusiastic followers of the new thinking belonged to.		Additional to the theoretical movements there were economic, social and political changes in [[Renaissance]] Europe that promoted the establishment and future flourishing of Enlightenment thought. Among these changes were, for instance, the improvement of trade and communication, the rural exodus and urbanization. Additional support for the prosperity of these philosophical movements came from the economically and socially very powerful aristocracy which many of the most enthusiastic followers of the new thinking belonged to.

	== The Enlightenment Movement ==		== The Enlightenment Movement ==

	The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason) derived from the ideas and thoughts of philosophers and universal scholars from mainly France and England between the 17th and 19th ~~century~~. These thinkers believed that human reason could be used “to combat ignorance, superstition and tyranny and to build a better world” (cf. wsu). Their writings were principally directed against the domination of society by religion ~~–mainly~~ the Christian dogma - and by a hereditary aristocracy. Philosophical thought, scientific method and rationality became their means in the fight against inequality and injustice.		The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason) derived from the ideas and thoughts of philosophers and universal scholars from mainly France and England between the 17th and 19th centuries. These thinkers believed that human reason could be used “to combat ignorance, superstition and tyranny and to build a better world” (cf. wsu). Their writings were principally directed against the domination of society by religion – mainly the Christian dogma - and by a hereditary aristocracy. Philosophical thought, scientific method and rationality became their means in the fight against inequality and injustice.

	In Germany the Aufklärung, which already began in the mid-17th century, was a literary and philosophical movement lead by thinkers like Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant.		In Germany the ''Aufklärung'', which already began in the mid-17th century, was a literary and philosophical movement lead by thinkers like Friedrich Schiller and Immanuel Kant.

	French Enlightenment was closely connected to the group of the philosophes who were authors, scientists and thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Their appeal against social injustice caused by the countries governing classes provided “the intellectual basis for the [[French Revolution]]” (~~cf.~~ Oxford p. 200).		French Enlightenment was closely connected to the group of the ''philosophes'' who were authors, scientists and thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Their appeal against social injustice caused by the countries governing classes provided “the intellectual basis for the [[French Revolution]]” (Oxford 200).

	== English Enlightenment ==		== English Enlightenment ==

	Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by the ~~English thinker~~ John Locke, the Scot David Hume and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment ~~thought~~. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.		Enlightenment in Great Britain was greatly influenced by the [[John Locke]], the Scot [[David Hume]] and the English [[Thomas Paine]], one of the founding fathers of the U.S. and a great admirer of the French Enlightenment. The English and French Enlightenments experienced mutual influences through different channels. When Voltaire exiled to Great Britain in 1725 for about three years, the philosophical standpoints he encountered there had a huge impact on his own future thinking.

	The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and Adam Smith that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (~~cf. sic.~~ Historyworld), published the [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.		The Scottish intellectual movement around [[David Hume]] and [[Adam Smith]] that flourished in Edinburgh between 1750 and 1800 constituted one of the most productive foci of the British Enlightenment. Between 1768 and 1771 the ‘Society of Gentlemen in Scotland’, which had been formed in the 1740s “to emulate the great publishing achievement of the continental Enlightenment, Diderot's Encyclopédie” (Historyworld), published the ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]''. This was a dictionary of the arts and sciences that illustrated important scientific advances that had been made in Scotland in the fields of chemistry, geology and medicine.
	In literature the ideas of Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced on the rise of the novel (cf. Oxford). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.		In literature the ideas of the Enlightenment have possibly encouraged the growth of literary realism and thus influenced the rise of the novel (cf. Oxford). In arts it had a major influence on Romanticism that was based on more individualist attitudes which were cultivated by the Enlightenment movement.

	British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had ~~decapitated its king back in the 17th century~~, ~~so that its monarchy had to change from absolute to constitutional~~. Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with ~~a revolution ([[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688)~~ quite early in comparison to other European powers, ~~her~~ religious and aristocratic powers ~~now~~ diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.		British society in general became more open to change due to some transformations that it had undergone before. England had gone through a phase of constitutional debates (which had cost [[Charles I]] his head and brought his son, [[James II]], into exile). Regarding religion, new grounds were broken and old dogmas abolished. English Protestantism demanded more freedom of speech and press and radical religious movements like [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarians]] prospered. Since England had dealt with two revolutions quite early in comparison to other European powers, its religious and aristocratic powers diminished gradually under the influence of the new ideas, not like in France, where they were violently uprooted during the Revolution.


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	30 Nov. 2010 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oaq>		30 Nov. 2010 http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oaq>

	Isaacs, Alan et al. eds. Oxford Dictionary of World History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.		Isaacs, Alan et al. eds. ''Oxford Dictionary of World History''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.

	wsu - Washington State University Homepage		wsu - Washington State University Homepage
	30 Nov. 2010 <http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html>		30 Nov. 2010 <http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html>