Charles II - Revision history

S at 22:06, 17 January 2023

2023-01-17T22:06:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:06, 17 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch" (Weber).		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch" (Weber 491).

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''

S at 21:28, 17 January 2023

2023-01-17T21:28:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 17 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"(Weber).		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch" (Weber).

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''

S at 21:28, 17 January 2023

2023-01-17T21:28:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 17 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"~~<sup>1</sup>~~.		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"(Weber).

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
Line 8:		Line 8:
	Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. In response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortunate reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead of building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy that once again was to bring England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament's backs, Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return, he received subsidies from France. He now ruled for four years as a monarch without a parliament and was only financed by Louis XIV.		Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. In response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortunate reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead of building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy that once again was to bring England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament's backs, Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return, he received subsidies from France. He now ruled for four years as a monarch without a parliament and was only financed by Louis XIV.
	His reign showed some positive outcomes as British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies, and America, and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, occurred.		His reign showed some positive outcomes as British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies, and America, and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, occurred.
	Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655), and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly well and allowed very little to influence his personal pleasures as he left the anxiety and care of these issues to his ministers and council. He just enjoyed himself with his experiments, mistresses, and dogs~~<sup>2</sup>~~.		Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655), and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly well and allowed very little to influence his personal pleasures as he left the anxiety and care of these issues to his ministers and council. He just enjoyed himself with his experiments, mistresses, and dogs (Abbott 282).

	'''Death'''		'''Death'''
Line 15:		Line 15:
	'''Memory of Charles II'''		'''Memory of Charles II'''
	Many people saw the arrival of Charles II as a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance, and pleasure became their new aspiration. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters, and in general, people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, many saw him as an embarrassment to the country and the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork, and whenever possible, he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children, mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the expense of the country. In general, was his relationship with parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.		Many people saw the arrival of Charles II as a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance, and pleasure became their new aspiration. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters, and in general, people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, many saw him as an embarrassment to the country and the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork, and whenever possible, he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children, mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the expense of the country. In general, was his relationship with parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.

	~~'''References'''~~
	<sup>1</sup>Weber, Harold. "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester." S''tudies in Philology'', vol. 85, no. 4, 1988, pp. 489–509, p. 491. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174319. Accessed 5 January 2023.

	<sup>2</sup>Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, p. 282. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.

	'''Bibliography'''		'''Bibliography'''

S at 20:00, 8 January 2023

2023-01-08T20:00:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:00, 8 January 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:
	Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655), and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly well and allowed very little to influence his personal pleasures as he left the anxiety and care of these issues to his ministers and council. He just enjoyed himself with his experiments, mistresses, and dogs<sup>2</sup>.		Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655), and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly well and allowed very little to influence his personal pleasures as he left the anxiety and care of these issues to his ministers and council. He just enjoyed himself with his experiments, mistresses, and dogs<sup>2</sup>.


	'''Death'''		'''Death'''
	Charles died on February 6, 1685, at the age of 54, without legitimate heirs. He was married to a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, in May 1662, but due to several miscarriages, they stayed childless. Instead, he had only several illegitimate children with various mistresses. Therefore, his Catholic brother James was his heir who did not like the parliament because he was catholic. Even though Charles had been all his life a protestant, Protestantism was to him only a political faith and had nothing to do with moral accountability or preparation for heaven. That is probably also one of the reasons why he converted on his deathbed to Catholicism but also fulfilled his promise to the French King Louis XIV.		Charles died on February 6, 1685, at the age of 54, without legitimate heirs. He was married to a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, in May 1662, but due to several miscarriages, they stayed childless. Instead, he had only several illegitimate children with various mistresses. Therefore, his Catholic brother James was his heir who did not like the parliament because he was catholic. Even though Charles had been all his life a protestant, Protestantism was to him only a political faith and had nothing to do with moral accountability or preparation for heaven. That is probably also one of the reasons why he converted on his deathbed to Catholicism but also fulfilled his promise to the French King Louis XIV.
Line 21:		Line 20:

	<sup>2</sup>Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, p. 282. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.		<sup>2</sup>Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, p. 282. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.

	'''Bibliography'''		'''Bibliography'''
	Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.		Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.

S at 19:59, 8 January 2023

2023-01-08T19:59:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:59, 8 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, ~~Great Britain~~, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"<sup>1</sup>.		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, England, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"<sup>1</sup>.

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
	Charles II, son of Henrietta Maria of France and Charles I, was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and ~~send~~ his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent ~~then~~ most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he ~~learnt~~ of his father’s execution and the ~~parliament~~ of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver ~~Cornwell~~. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with ~~the Scots~~ and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by ~~Cornwell~~. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. ~~Cornwell’s~~ death in 1658 ~~lead~~ to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back to England in 1660 to reclaim his throne. With his return the monarchy was restored.		Charles II, son of Henrietta Maria of France and Charles I, was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England, and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman Catholic church, which stood in contrast to the Church of England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out, Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and sent his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645, Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France with his mother. While he was in exile, he learned of his father’s execution, and the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cromwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English, and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with Scotland, and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester, the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cromwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cromwell’s death in 1658 led to political crises in England. To solve the crisis, Charles II was invited back to England in 1660 to reclaim his throne. With his return, the monarchy was restored, and the Restoration period began.

	'''Being King'''		'''Being King'''
	Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover (May 25, 1660), and on his birthday (May 29, 1660) he returned to London with a tremendous public gathering. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration ~~was written by Charles II and three advisors and~~ pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.		Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover (May 25, 1660), and on his birthday (May 29, 1660), he returned to London with a tremendous public gathering. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not to be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.
	Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. ~~As a~~ response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his ~~unfortune~~ reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead ~~for~~ building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy ~~which~~ once again was to ~~be bringing~~ England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament backs Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return he received subsidies from France~~. The result was three years of political crisis in which Charles only survived by hiring new ministers, offering concessions to divide his opponents, and avoiding any further adventures~~. He now ruled as ~~an absolute~~ monarch without a parliament and only financed by Louis XIV.		Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. In response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortunate reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead of building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy that once again was to bring England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament's backs, Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return, he received subsidies from France. He now ruled for four years as a monarch without a parliament and was only financed by Louis XIV.
	His reign showed some positive outcomes as ~~the~~ British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies and America and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, occurred.		His reign showed some positive outcomes as British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies, and America, and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, occurred.
	Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655) and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly ~~good~~ and allowed very little to influence his ~~own~~ personal pleasures.		Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655), and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly well and allowed very little to influence his personal pleasures as he left the anxiety and care of these issues to his ministers and council. He just enjoyed himself with his experiments, mistresses, and dogs<sup>2</sup>.


	'''Death'''		'''Death'''
	Charles died on February 6, 1685, at the age of 54 without legitimate heirs. ~~Although he~~ married a Portuguese princess ~~in May 1662~~, Catherine of Braganza, ~~for political reasons~~, ~~he had no children with her as she was barren~~. Instead, he had only several illegitimate children with various mistresses. Therefore, his Catholic brother James was his heir ~~which~~ did not like the parliament because he was catholic. Even though Charles had been all his life a protestant, ~~but the~~ Protestantism was to him only a political faith and had nothing to do with moral accountability or preparation for heaven. That is probably also one of the reasons why he converted on his ~~death bed~~ to Catholicism but also fulfilled his ~~promised~~ to the French King Louis XIV.		Charles died on February 6, 1685, at the age of 54, without legitimate heirs. He was married to a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, in May 1662, but due to several miscarriages, they stayed childless. Instead, he had only several illegitimate children with various mistresses. Therefore, his Catholic brother James was his heir who did not like the parliament because he was catholic. Even though Charles had been all his life a protestant, Protestantism was to him only a political faith and had nothing to do with moral accountability or preparation for heaven. That is probably also one of the reasons why he converted on his deathbed to Catholicism but also fulfilled his promise to the French King Louis XIV.

	'''Memory of Charles II'''		'''Memory of Charles II'''
	~~The~~ arrival of Charles II ~~saw many people~~ as ~~a return to power to~~ a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance and pleasure became ~~the~~ new aspiration ~~for them~~. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters and in general people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, ~~there were~~ many ~~who~~ saw him as an embarrassment to the country and to the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork and whenever possible he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the ~~expanse~~ of the country. In general, was his relationship to parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.		Many people saw the arrival of Charles II as a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance, and pleasure became their new aspiration. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters, and in general, people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, many saw him as an embarrassment to the country and the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork, and whenever possible, he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children, mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the expense of the country. In general, was his relationship with parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.

	'''References'''		'''References'''
	<sup>1</sup>Weber, Harold. "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester." S''tudies in Philology'', vol. 85, no. 4, 1988, pp. 489–509. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174319. Accessed 5 January 2023.		<sup>1</sup>Weber, Harold. "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester." S''tudies in Philology'', vol. 85, no. 4, 1988, pp. 489–509, p. 491. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174319. Accessed 5 January 2023.

			<sup>2</sup>Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, p. 282. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.
	'''Bibliography'''		'''Bibliography'''
	Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.		Abbott, Jacob. History of King Charles the second of England. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1877, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/historyofkingcha01abbo/historyofkingcha01abbo.pdf. Accessed 27 November 2022.

S at 01:59, 6 January 2023

2023-01-06T01:59:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:59, 6 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. ~~Officially king~~ of Great Britain, Scotland~~, and Ireland~~ since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"<sup>1</sup>.		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. King of Ireland, Great Britain, and Scotland. Officially since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"<sup>1</sup>.

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
	Charles II, son of ~~Charles I and~~ Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back to England in 1660 to reclaim his throne. With his return the monarchy was restored.		Charles II, son of Henrietta Maria of France and Charles I, was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back to England in 1660 to reclaim his throne. With his return the monarchy was restored.

	'''Being King'''		'''Being King'''

S at 01:57, 6 January 2023

2023-01-06T01:57:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:57, 6 January 2023
Line 23:		Line 23:

	Brain, Jessica. King Charles II. Historic UK, 2021, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Charles-II/. Accessed 23 November 2022.		Brain, Jessica. King Charles II. Historic UK, 2021, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Charles-II/. Accessed 23 November 2022.

	~~Ellis, Sian. The reign of Charles II and the Restoration. British Heritage, 2022, https://britishheritage.com/history/charles-ii-restoration. Accessed 11 December 2022.~~

	Holder, Samantha. Charles II and his court. The Wrong side of the blanket, https://www.wrongsideoftheblanket.com/charles-ii-and-his-court. Accessed 23 November 2022.		Holder, Samantha. Charles II and his court. The Wrong side of the blanket, https://www.wrongsideoftheblanket.com/charles-ii-and-his-court. Accessed 23 November 2022.

S at 01:54, 6 January 2023

2023-01-06T01:54:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:54, 6 January 2023
Line 2:		Line 2:

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
	Charles ~~was born as the eldest~~ son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France ~~and~~ was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back by England in 1660 to reclaim his throne ~~and with~~ his return the monarchy was restored.		Charles II, son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back to England in 1660 to reclaim his throne. With his return the monarchy was restored.

	'''Being King'''		'''Being King'''
	Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover on May 25, 1660, and on his birthday (May 29, 1660) he returned to London with a tremendous public gathering. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration was written by Charles II and three advisors and pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.		Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover (May 25, 1660), and on his birthday (May 29, 1660) he returned to London with a tremendous public gathering. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration was written by Charles II and three advisors and pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.
	Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. As a response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortune reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead for building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy which once again was to be bringing England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament backs Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return he received subsidies from France. The result was three years of political crisis in which Charles only survived by hiring new ministers, offering concessions to divide his opponents, and avoiding any further adventures. He now ruled as an absolute monarch without a parliament and only financed by Louis XIV.		Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. As a response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortune reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead for building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy which once again was to be bringing England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament backs Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return he received subsidies from France. The result was three years of political crisis in which Charles only survived by hiring new ministers, offering concessions to divide his opponents, and avoiding any further adventures. He now ruled as an absolute monarch without a parliament and only financed by Louis XIV.
	His reign showed some positive outcomes as the British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies and America ~~occurred~~ and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, ~~happened~~.		His reign showed some positive outcomes as the British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies and America and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, occurred.
	Charles reign ~~war~~ marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655) and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly good and allowed very little to influence his own personal pleasures.		Charles reign was marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655) and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly good and allowed very little to influence his own personal pleasures.

	'''Death'''		'''Death'''

S at 19:27, 5 January 2023

2023-01-05T19:27:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:27, 5 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. Officially king of Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch".		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. Officially king of Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch"<sup>1</sup>.

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
Line 16:		Line 16:
	The arrival of Charles II saw many people as a return to power to a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance and pleasure became the new aspiration for them. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters and in general people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, there were many who saw him as an embarrassment to the country and to the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork and whenever possible he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the expanse of the country. In general, was his relationship to parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.		The arrival of Charles II saw many people as a return to power to a great relief after the highly turbulent period that preceded it. He was known as a tolerant ruler and granted religious freedom to Catholics and Protestants. The upper class profited a lot from him because indulgence, exuberance and pleasure became the new aspiration for them. Theatres were re-opened with women on the stage for the first time, public taverns were drawing, the court hosted parties and encounters and in general people were granted much more liberties. Although many people saw Charles’ return as a positive thing, there were many who saw him as an embarrassment to the country and to the monarchy. The reason for that was that Charles despised paperwork and whenever possible he passed on official administration to his ministers. Instead, he enjoyed the pleasure of his court and mistresses. He spent much money on them and his illegitimate children mostly drawing funds from the privy purse at the expanse of the country. In general, was his relationship to parliament seen as uneasy as many politicians considered him as too easily influenced by Catholics.

			'''References'''
			<sup>1</sup>Weber, Harold. "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester." S''tudies in Philology'', vol. 85, no. 4, 1988, pp. 489–509. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174319. Accessed 5 January 2023.

	'''Bibliography'''		'''Bibliography'''
Line 27:		Line 29:

	Hutton, Ronald. Charles II: The Masquerading Monarch. BBC, 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/charlesii_masq_01.shtml. Accessed 27 November 2022.		Hutton, Ronald. Charles II: The Masquerading Monarch. BBC, 2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/charlesii_masq_01.shtml. Accessed 27 November 2022.

			Weber, Harold. "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester." ''Studies in Philology'', vol. 85, no. 4, 1988, pp. 489–509. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174319. Accessed 5 January 2023.

S at 19:09, 5 January 2023

2023-01-05T19:09:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 5 January 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	29 May 1630-6 February 1685. ~~King~~ of Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland~~. Officially~~ since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch".		29 May 1630-6 February 1685. Officially king of Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland since 1649. De facto since 1660. Also known as "Merry Monarch".

	'''Childhood and Exile'''		'''Childhood and Exile'''
	Charles was born as the eldest son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France~~. He~~ was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back by England in 1660 to reclaim his throne and with his return the monarchy was restored.		Charles was born as the eldest son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France and was born at St James’s Palace in London. Charles spent most of his childhood in England and his care and education became an issue of political significance because his mother was known for promoting the interests of France and the Roman church which stood in contrast to England. Parliament was afraid that he converted to Catholicism. In 1642 when the English Civil War broke out Charles I took his son, who was 12 at that time, with him and send his wife to The Hague. Charles II spent then most of the war on his father’s side and fought for him. But in 1645 Charles I ordered him to escape capture and move to France to his mother. While he was in exile he learnt of his father’s execution and the parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king due to the prerogatives. However, England did not accept it and entered the so-called English Interregnum, and the country was led by Oliver Cornwell. Charles II did not like that at all, felt betrayed by the English and wanted revenge for his father’s death. Therefore, in 1650 he did business with the Scots and with the help of their army, he invaded England. In 1651 at the Battle of Worcester the decisive fight happened, but Charles was defeated by Cornwell. This defeat led him into exile again for nine years. Cornwell’s death in 1658 lead to political crises in England. To solve the crisis Charles II was invited back by England in 1660 to reclaim his throne and with his return the monarchy was restored.

	'''Being King'''		'''Being King'''
	Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover on May 25, 1660, and on his birthday (May 29, 1660) he returned to London with a tremendous public ~~reception~~. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration was written by Charles II and three advisors and pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.		Four days before Charles II turned 30, he landed at Dover on May 25, 1660, and on his birthday (May 29, 1660) he returned to London with a tremendous public gathering. His return was celebrated with street ceremonies and a parade, and it seemed that everyone was happy as they celebrated the return of his monarch. With Charles II acceptance to the throne, he agreed to the Declaration of Breda written in April 1660. This declaration was written by Charles II and three advisors and pardoned the crimes committed in the period of the Interregnum and the English Civil War. However, Charles wanted those who were directly responsible for his father’s death would not be pardoned. This included John Lambert and Henry Vane the younger. Charles II promised with his signature to rule in cooperation with parliament, the protection of the rights to land and ownership, and the toleration of the Anglican church policy.
	Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. As a response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortune reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead for building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy which once again was to be bringing England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament backs Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret ~~treaty~~ saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return he received subsidies from France. The result was three years of political crisis in which Charles only survived by hiring new ministers, offering concessions to divide his opponents, and avoiding any further adventures. He now ruled as an absolute monarch without a parliament and only financed by Louis XIV.		Charles was a king who had little to do with his kingdom's public affairs because he liked and enjoyed building palaces and ships and expanded vast sums on these plans. As a result, this lavish lifestyle exhausted his resources and kept him in straits for money. Therefore, he always urged parliament to make new grants and to lay more taxes, but they did not take the problem seriously. Parliament was unwilling to believe in his financial problems because of his extravagant lifestyle. They believed that public money was wasted than falling short. As a response, Charles launched an unprovoked attack upon the Dutch in 1664. He hoped to win plunder and prestige and claimed to his people that the Dutch were the aggressors, but the war ended in a Dutch victory. For many people, this invasion signalized his unfortune reign and laid the blame for the loss of the war on him because the money Charles received was used for his entertainment instead for building ships and other national defenses. Consequently, Charles struggled for four years to regain public confidence by appointing new ministers to manage his money and the parliamentary sessions and adopting a foreign policy which once again was to be bringing England into an alliance of powers determined to contain France. Behind the parliament backs Charles had been striking covert deals with France. To get the support of Louis XIV Charles signed a secret contract saying that he converts to Catholicism and fights alongside the French in the third Anglo-Dutch war (1672-1674). In return he received subsidies from France. The result was three years of political crisis in which Charles only survived by hiring new ministers, offering concessions to divide his opponents, and avoiding any further adventures. He now ruled as an absolute monarch without a parliament and only financed by Louis XIV.
	His reign showed some positive outcomes as the British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies and America occurred and the Passage of Navigation Acts to secure Britain’s ~~future as a sea power~~ happened.		His reign showed some positive outcomes as the British trading expanded, more British colonies in India, the East Indies and America occurred and the Passage of Navigation Acts, to secure Britain’s naval force, happened.
	Charles reign war marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655) and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly good and allowed very little to influence his own personal pleasures.		Charles reign war marked with wars, defeats in naval battles, unlucky negotiations abroad, plots and conspiracies (Popish Plot 1678), the plague (1655) and the Great Fire (1666). But he took all these issues particularly good and allowed very little to influence his own personal pleasures.