British Culture - User contributions [en]

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T13:13:08Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. The Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a synthesis of the arts which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Important events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the [[Restoration]] period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the Prince and Princess of Orange who later became [[King William III]] and [[Queen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
Sources:

http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

The masque

2009-06-29T13:12:21Z

Wiebke:

The masque was a particular form of court entertainment which became popular during the reign of [[James I]] (1603-1625) and his son [[Charles I]] (1625-1649). It was a mixture of theatre played by amateurs, a fancy dress party and a ball. The masques usually took place in the [[Banqueting House, Whitehall]] in London.

== The two parts of the masque ==
The first part was called "anti-masque" and was performed by professional actors. They normally performed a play in a world of disorder. Although, these performances were often combined with comic elements.
In the second part everyone from the audience was involved in the play. The participants, all of them members of the court, started to dance and with their dances brought back order and grace, metaphorically spoken. This part usually faded into a ball that could last all night long.

The performance was accompanied by lighting and mechanical effects which made the event an overwhelming experience. With the help of these effects the audience celebrated the royal power and thus created a synthesis of the arts which included music, architecture, performance and painting. All masques that were held in the Banqueting House had an undelying allegorical meaning to show the splendor of the monarchy.

----
Sources:

http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/TheMasque.aspx

Limon, Jerzy (1990): ''The Masque of Stuart Culture: Patient Fortitude in the English Civil War''. University of Delaware Press.

The masque

2009-06-29T13:10:10Z

Wiebke:

The masque was a particular form of court entertainment which became popular during the reign of [[James I]] (1603-1625) and his son [[Charles I]] (1625-1649). It was a mixture of theatre played by amateurs, a fancy dress party and a ball. The masques usually took place in the [[Banqueting House]] in London.

== The two parts of the masque ==
The first part was called "anti-masque" and was performed by professional actors. They normally performed a play in a world of disorder. Although, these performances were often combined with comic elements.
In the second part everyone from the audience was involved in the play. The participants, all of them members of the court, started to dance and with their dances brought back order and grace, metaphorically spoken. This part usually faded into a ball that could last all night long.

The performance was accompanied by lighting and mechanical effects which made the event an overwhelming experience. With the help of these effects the audience celebrated the royal power and thus created a synthesis of the arts which included music, architecture, performance and painting. All masques that were held in the Banqueting House had an undelying allegorical meaning to show the splendor of the monarchy.

----
Sources:

http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/TheMasque.aspx

Limon, Jerzy (1990): ''The Masque of Stuart Culture: Patient Fortitude in the English Civil War''. University of Delaware Press.

The masque

2009-06-29T13:09:55Z

Wiebke:

The masque was a particular form of court entertainment which became popular during the reign of [[James I]] (1603-1625) and his son [[Charles I]] (1625-1649). It was a mixture of theatre played by amateurs, a fancy dress party and a ball. The masques usually took place in the [[Banqueting House]] in London.

== The two parts of the masque ==
The first part was called "anti-masque" and was performed by professional actors. They normally performed a play in a world of disorder. Although, these performances were often combined with comic elements.
In the second part everyone from the audience was involved in the play. The participants, all of them members of the court, started to dance and with their dances brought back order and grace, metaphorically spoken. This part usually faded into a ball that could last all night long.

The performance was accompanied by lighting and mechanical effects which made the event an overwhelming experience. With the help of these effects the audience celebrated the royal power and thus created a synthesis of the arts which included music, architecture, performance and painting. All masques that were held in the Banqueting House had an undelying allegorical meaning to show the splendor of the monarchy.

----
Sources:

http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/TheMasque.aspx

Limon, Jerzy (1990): ''The Masque of Stuart Culture: Patient Fortitude in the English Civil War''. University of Delaware Press.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T12:31:58Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. The Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Important events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the [[Restoration]] period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the Prince and Princess of Orange who later became [[King William III]] and [[Queen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
Sources:

http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T12:30:30Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. The Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Important events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the [[Restoration]] period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the Prince and Princess of Orange who later became [[King William III]] and [[Queen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T12:29:21Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. The Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the [[Restoration]] period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the Prince and Princess of Orange who later became [[King William III]] and [[Queen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T12:20:22Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the Prince and Princess of Orange who later became [[King William III]] and [[Queen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T09:54:03Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the [[Prince and Princess of Orange]] who later became [[King William III]] and Q[[ueen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T09:53:34Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the [[Prince and Princess of Orange]] who later became [[King William III]] and Q[[ueen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx
Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T09:53:12Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the [[Prince and Princess of Orange]] who later became [[King William III]] and Q[[ueen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
[http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx]

Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T09:52:36Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

== Famous events ==

Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the [[Prince and Princess of Orange]] who later became [[King William III]] and Q[[ueen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

== The ceiling ==

The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
[http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx]
Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Banqueting House, Whitehall

2009-06-29T09:52:16Z

Wiebke:

The Banqueting House in London was designed by [[Inigo Jones]], a famous architecture and designer, in 1619 for [[James I]]. The Vitruvian basilica served as a model for the Banqueting House. It was once part of [[Whitehall Palace]] which was destroied during the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1698. Only the Banqueting House remained until today.
It was basically used to provide a setting for a special type of court entertainment - [[the masque]] which was a mixture of ball, amateur theatre and fancy dress party. During the [[Restoration]] the Banqueting House was used to demonstrate the royal splendors and was created as a "Gesamtkunstwerk" which united architecture, music, performance and painting.

Famous events
Besides the function as a great entertainment hall other important events took place at and in the Banqueting House.
In 1649 [[Charles I]] was beheaeded in front of the Banqueting House. After Charles' death Whitehall Palace remained empty for several years until [[Oliver Cromwell]] started to use it again in 1654. After his death it again remained deserted until 1660 - the beginning of the Restoration period. Banqueting House again was used as a ceremonial chamber of the court.
One of the last important ceremonies took place in 1689 when the Crown was offered to the [[Prince and Princess of Orange]] who later became [[King William III]] and Q[[ueen Mary II]]. After 1689 it lost its importance to the court.

The ceiling
The most famous part of the Banqueting House is the ceiling. The canvasses one can find there were painted by [[Sir Peter Paul Rubens]], a famous Flemish artist of the 17th cebtury. After Rubens finished painting these canvasses in his studio in Antwerp they were shipped to London in 1636 and finally placed in Banqueting House in 1636.

In 1893 the Banqueting House was given to the nation by [[Queen Victoria]] as a museum.

----
[http://www.hrp.org.uk/BanquetingHouse/stories.aspx]
Parry, Graham (1981): ''Golden Age Restor'd: Culture of the Stuart Court (1603-42)''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Benevolo, Leonardo (2002): ''Architecture of the Renaissance''. Facsimile edition. Routledge Chapman & Hall.

Long Parliament

2009-06-17T11:03:41Z

Wiebke:

The so called Long Parliament was summoned by [[Charles I]] on 3 November 1640 and existed for the next 20 years – in its last years it smoothed the way for the [[Restoration]]. It is called Long Parliament because six months before Charles I dissolved the [[Short Parliament]] which was in power for the short period of three weeks.

== Short Parliament ==

When Charles I summoned the Short Parliament he only did it because the expenses for the war against Scotland were getting higher so he needed money. As it was set that Parliament had the only right to raise taxes Charles I was dependent on Parliament to get enough money for his expensive wars, even though he invented several ways to get money without asking Parliament before. However, they wanted to give money to the King by claiming to get certain prerogatives which of course the King refused to accept. He dissolved Parliament again to form a new one (the Long Parliament) of which he hoped that the situation between King and Parliament would become better.

== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament just for fun. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I.

== Opponent Parties and the New Model Army ==

From the beginning onwards there emerged two different parties within Parliament: The Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The struggle between these two opponents was the basis for the [[First Civil War]]. In 1642 the [[New Model Army]] was formed who defeated the Royalists. They took over the power over England and even accused Charles I as being a traitor which led to his execution by Parliament. From now on Parliament ruled England without a King.

In 1649 [[Oliver Cromwell]], the leader of the New Model Army, declared himself [[Lord Protectorate]] of the [[Commonwealth]]. After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 the remaining members of the Protectorate met and decided that they need a King. This was the beginning of the Restoration.

----
http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm

Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.