British Culture - User contributions [en]

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:26:57Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Braudel 566 - 567; Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the ''Spinning Jenny'' in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the ''Spinning Jenny'' got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The ''Spinning Jenny'' was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the ''Spinning Jenny'' became the ''Water-frame Spinning Machine'' who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Braudel 566; Ziegler 2).

Through the inventions of the ''Spinning Jenny'' and the ''Water-frame Spinning Machine'' was the production ten times higher (Braudel 567).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:25:48Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Braudel 566 - 567; Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the ''Spinning Jenny'' in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the ''Spinning Jenny'' got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The ''Spinning Jenny'' was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the ''Spinning Jenny'' became the ''Waterframe Spinning Machine'' who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Braudel 566; Ziegler 2).

Through the inventions of the Spinning Jenny and the Waterframe Spinning Machine were the production ten times higher (Braudel 567).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:22:50Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Braudel 566 - 567; Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the ''Spinning Jenny'' in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the ''Spinning Jenny'' got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The ''Spinning Jenny'' was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the ''Spinning Jenny'' became the ''Waterframe Spinning Machine'' who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Braudel 566; Ziegler 2).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:22:00Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Braudel 566 - 567; Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the ''Spinning Jenny'' in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the ''Spinning Jenny'' got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The ''Spinning Jenny'' was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the ''Spinning Jenny'' became the ''Waterframe Spinning Machine'' who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Ziegler 2).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:19:47Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the ''Spinning Jenny'' in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the ''Spinning Jenny'' got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The ''Spinning Jenny'' was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the ''Spinning Jenny'' became the ''Waterframe Spinning Machine'' who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Ziegler 2).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:18:44Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).

The Spinning Jenny was later not anymore run by a person but with waterpower which moved the wheel by a crank-handle (Zigler 2).
One of the most competitors of the Spinning Jenny became the Waterframe Spinning Machine who was found in 1769 by Richard Arkwright (1732 – 1792) (Ziegler 2).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:05:18Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title];[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:04:47Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]) ([http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:04:11Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]; [http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:03:25Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action ([http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title]).

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T21:03:07Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

In the 18th – Century happened to be an acute deprivation of yarn in the county Lancashire. Due to this deprivation the British Society of Arts announced a competition where they looked out for a machine with the ability to spin six twines of wool, flax, hemp or cotton at the same time and which is run by only one person (Ziegler 2).

The aim was not only to fight the deprivation but also to increase the labour productivity effectively and further to start controlling the homebound industry by concentrating the manufacturing (Ziegler 2).

The wanted specifications by the British Society of Arts were achieved by James Hargreaves, a handloom weaver, who presented the Spinning Jenny in 1764 (Ziegler 2).

The idea for the Spinning Jenny got Hargreaves by an incident when accidentally a spinning wheel felt down in his house. When he saw how wheel and newel turned further like of its own volition he thought about a way to automatise the spinning action [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title].

There are only a few informations about Hargreaves himself. He was born near Blackburn, but the exact location is unknown. He was not able to read or to write but he had an interest in carpentry and engineering. Legend has it that the name “Jenny” came from his daughter who is said to be the person who overthrow by accident the spinning wheel. Modern research doubts this, because none of Hargreaves daughters (there were several) was named Jenny neither his wife. It is believed that the name “Jenny” is simply an abbreviation for a machine or engine ([http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]).
----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:57:51Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:54:54Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:46:52Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:44:32Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:34:53Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:29:00Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:25:44Z

Sina:

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:17:13Z

Sina:

The ''Spinning Jenny'', also called ''Spinning Engine'' was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves (1720 – 1778).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:13:25Z

Sina:

'''Bibliography:'''

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:12:24Z

Sina:

Bibliography:

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:11:51Z

Sina:

Bibliography:

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. >[http://http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506 link title]< (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/] < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:10:44Z

Sina:

Bibliography:

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top link title](Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. > http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506> (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/ < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Spinning Jenny

2010-01-26T20:09:07Z

Sina: Created page with 'Bibliography: Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. Bra…'

Bibliography:

Ziegler, Dieter. ''Die Industrielle Revolution.'' Geschichte Kompakt. Ed. Gabriele Haug-Moritz (et. al.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005.

Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilization and Capitalism. 15th – 18th Century.'' 3. vols. Transl. Sian Reynolds. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd, 1984.

Deutsches Museum. ''Die Spinning Jenny von James Hagreaves. Die Legende von der kleinen Jenny.'' Auszug aus: Meisterwerke aus dem Deutschen Museum. 4. vols. < http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/ausgewaehlte-objekte/meisterwerke-iv/spinning-jenny/#Top> (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Harling, Nick. ''James Hargreaves 1720-1778.'' Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. > http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506> (Last use: 26.01.2010).

''Spinning Jenny. The Beginning of the Machine Age.'' > http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/spinning-jenny/ < (Last use: 26.01.2010).

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T23:06:12Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Greek War of Independence against Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824. Nevertheless he raised to a Greek hero in the following time for his commitment. ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- ''Hours of Idleness'' (1806)

- ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (1809)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II'' (1812)

- ''The Giaour'' (1813)

- ''The Bride of Abydos'' (1813)

- ''The Corsair'' (1814)

- ''Lara'' (1814)

- ''Hebrew Melodies'' (1815)

- ''The Siege of Corinth'' (1816)

- ''Parisina'' (1816)

- ''The Prisoner of Chillon'' (1816)

- ''The Dream'' (1816)

- ''Prometheus'' (1816)

- ''Darkness'' (1816)

- ''Manfred'' (1817)

- ''The Lament of Tasso'' (1817)

- ''Beppo'' (1818)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' (1818)

- ''Mazeppa'' (1819)

- ''The Prophecy of Dante'' (1819)

- ''Marino Faliero'' (1820)

- ''Sardanapalus'' (1821)

- ''The Two Foscari'' (1821)

- ''Cain'' (1821)

- ''The Vision of Judgment'' (1821)

- ''Heaven and Earth'' (1821)

- ''Werner'' (1822)

- ''The Deformed Transformed'' (1822)

- ''The Age of Bronze'' (1823)

- ''The Island'' (1823)

- ''Don Juan'' (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

- Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

- ''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

- ''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

- LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

- Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T23:05:10Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Greek War of Independence against Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824. Nevertheless he raised to a Greek hero in the following time for his commitment. ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- ''Hours of Idleness'' (1806)

- ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (1809)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II'' (1812)

- ''The Giaour'' (1813)

- ''The Bride of Abydos'' (1813)

- ''The Corsair'' (1814)

- ''Lara'' (1814)

- ''Hebrew Melodies'' (1815)

- ''The Siege of Corinth'' (1816)

- ''Parisina'' (1816)

- ''The Prisoner of Chillon'' (1816)

- ''The Dream'' (1816)

- ''Prometheus'' (1816)

- ''Darkness'' (1816)

- ''Manfred'' (1817)

- ''The Lament of Tasso'' (1817)

- ''Beppo'' (1818)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' (1818)

- ''Mazeppa'' (1819)

- ''The Prophecy of Dante'' (1819)

- ''Marino Faliero'' (1820)

- ''Sardanapalus'' (1821)

- ''The Two Foscari'' (1821)

- ''Cain'' (1821)

- ''The Vision of Judgment'' (1821)

- ''Heaven and Earth'' (1821)

- ''Werner'' (1822)

- ''The Deformed Transformed'' (1822)

- ''The Age of Bronze'' (1823)

- ''The Island'' (1823)

- ''Don Juan'' (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

- Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

- ''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

- ''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

- LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

- Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T23:03:35Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Greek War of Independence against Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824. Nevertheless he raised to a Greek hero in the following time for his commitment. ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- ''Hours of Idleness'' (1806)

- ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (1809)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II'' (1812)

- ''The Giaour'' (1813)

- ''The Bride of Abydos'' (1813)

- ''The Corsair'' (1814)

- ''Lara'' (1814)

- ''Hebrew Melodies'' (1815)

- ''The Siege of Corinth'' (1816)

- ''Parisina'' (1816)

- ''The Prisoner of Chillon'' (1816)

- ''The Dream'' (1816)

- ''Prometheus'' (1816)

- ''Darkness'' (1816)

- ''Manfred'' (1817)

- ''The Lament of Tasso'' (1817)

- ''Beppo'' (1818)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' (1818)

- ''Mazeppa'' (1819)

- ''The Prophecy of Dante'' (1819)

- ''Marino Faliero'' (1820)

- ''Sardanapalus'' (1821)

- ''The Two Foscari'' (1821)

- ''Cain'' (1821)

- ''The Vision of Judgment'' (1821)

- ''Heaven and Earth'' (1821)

- ''Werner'' (1822)

- ''The Deformed Transformed'' (1822)

- ''The Age of Bronze'' (1823)

- ''The Island'' (1823)

- ''Don Juan'' (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

- Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

- ''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

- ''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

- LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

- Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T23:02:59Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Greek War of Independence against Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824. Nevertheless he raised to a Greek hero in the following time for his commitment. ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- ''Hours of Idleness'' (1806)

- ''English Bards and Scotch Reviewers'' (1809)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II'' (1812)

- ''The Giaour'' (1813)

- ''The Bride of Abydos'' (1813)

- ''The Corsair'' (1814)

- ''Lara'' (1814)

- ''Hebrew Melodies'' (1815)

- ''The Siege of Corinth'' (1816)

- ''Parisina'' (1816)

- ''The Prisoner of Chillon'' (1816)

- ''The Dream'' (1816)

- ''Prometheus'' (1816)

- ''Darkness'' (1816)

- ''Manfred'' (1817)

- ''The Lament of Tasso'' (1817)

- ''Beppo'' (1818)

- ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' (1818)

- ''Mazeppa'' (1819)

- ''The Prophecy of Dante'' (1819)

- ''Marino Faliero'' (1820)

- ''Sardanapalus'' (1821)

- ''The Two Foscari'' (1821)

- ''Cain'' (1821)

- ''The Vision of Judgment'' (1821)

- ''Heaven and Earth'' (1821)

- ''Werner'' (1822)

- ''The Deformed Transformed'' (1822)

- ''The Age of Bronze'' (1823)

- ''The Island'' (1823)

- ''Don Juan'' (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:58:33Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Greek War of Independence against Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824. Nevertheless he raised to a Greek hero in the following time for his commitment. ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:56:35Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ([http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]):

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824 ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:55:00Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824 ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:52:55Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; [http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:51:24Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:51:02Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:50:27Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)

- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)

- The Giaour (1813)

- The Bride of Abydos (1813)

- The Corsair (1814)

- Lara (1814)

- Hebrew Melodies (1815)

- The Siege of Corinth (1816)

- Parisina (1816)

- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816)

- The Dream (1816)

- Prometheus (1816)

- Darkness (1816)

- Manfred (1817)

- The Lament of Tasso (1817)

- Beppo (1818)

- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818)

- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)

- Mazeppa (1819)

- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)

- Marino Faliero (1820)

- Sardanapalus (1821)

- The Two Foscari (1821)

- Cain (1821)

- The Vision of Judgment (1821)

- Heaven and Earth (1821)

- Werner (1822)

- The Deformed Transformed (1822)

- The Age of Bronze (1823)

- The Island (1823)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:49:35Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

- Hours of Idleness (1806)
- English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Cantos I & II (1812)
- The Giaour (1813)
- The Bride of Abydos (1813)
- The Corsair (1814)
- Lara (1814)
- Hebrew Melodies (1815)
- The Siege of Corinth (1816) (text on Wikisource)
- Parisina (1816)
- The Prisoner of Chillon (1816) (text on Wikisource)
- The Dream (1816)
- Prometheus (1816)
- Darkness (1816)
- Manfred (1817) (text on Wikisource)
- The Lament of Tasso (1817)
- Beppo (1818)
- Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818) (text on Wikisource)
- Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)
- Mazeppa (1819)
- The Prophecy of Dante (1819)
- Marino Faliero (1820)
- Sardanapalus (1821)
- The Two Foscari (1821)
- Cain (1821)
- The Vision of Judgment (1821)
- Heaven and Earth (1821)
- Werner (1822)
- The Deformed Transformed (1822)
- The Age of Bronze (1823)
- The Island (1823)

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:46:47Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories at the Lake Geneva Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

Lord Byron travelled afterwards to Italy where he had a further love affair with Contessa Guicioli which caused a scandal, because he even lived with her and her husband in the same house. But Lord Byron was also politically active when he joined the Italian freedom fighters who fought for more democracy. Later he moved to Greece where he got heavily involved in the Independent War between Greece and Turkey. However, he did not experince the outcome due to a pneumonia on which he died on the 19th April in 1824.

----

'''Works listed:'''

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:39:29Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), [[Percey Shelley]] and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:30:19Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), ''Percey Shelley'' and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:30:04Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), ''Percey Shelley'' and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Works listed:'''

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:27:54Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), ''Percey Shelley'' and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:27:14Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), ''Percey Shelley'' and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein'' ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]).

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:26:38Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor [[John Polidori]] (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), ''Percey Shelley'' and [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (later [[Mary Shelley]]). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein''.

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Lord Byron

2009-12-15T22:26:07Z

Sina:

* 22nd January 1788
† 19th April 1824

English writer associated with Romanticism and the Byronic hero.

----

Lord Byron was born on the 22nd January 1788 in London under the name George Gordon Byron and died on the 19th April in 1824 in Greece (Hirschfeld 24; Coleridge). He was the 6th Baron of his family. His mother´s name was Catherine Gordon was heiress of Gight in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) wherefore Lord Byron became later his title. The marriage of Catherine and Lord Byron´s father Captain John 'Mad Jack' Byron was unhappy, for which reason Catherine not only lost her whole money and land in order to pay all the debts but further Lord Byron had to grow up without father. Captain John Byron visited Catherine only ones after giving brith to their son but left her right away again and traveled back to France where he died on the 2nd of August 1791 ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]).

Physically Lord Byron was disabled - his right leg was shorthened cause of an infantile paralysis. In 1799 he attended the Aberdeen Grammar School but when he got his title after the death of his great uncle he changed the school and went to a school at Dulwich, later to Harrow, and in the end attended Trinity College in Cambridge. From his poems it became clear that he felt in love with Mary Anne Chaworth who did not reply his feelings. He was devastated about her marrying someone else ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML]; Kalmer).

In Cambridge he found some good friends but also had his first love with a young student called Edleston. Edleston died quite early in 1811 and it is suggested that the following ''Thyrza poems'' by Lord Byron are dedicated to Edleston. In 1807 Lord Byron published his first poem collection under his own name called ''Hours of Idleness''. The response on his collection was exceedingly well and the few critics were confronted by Lord Byron in public with mockery. In 1809 he took his seat in the House of Lords and started travelling with some friends to Europe which is adequately for a young Lord. During his travels he started his most famous work ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' ().

When Lord Byron returned to England he found his mother dead and information reached him about the deaths of Edlington and another friend. His letters during this time point out his despair and grief. In 1812 he hold his first speech in the House of Lords and received a lot of sympathy and respect. In the same year he published ''Childe Herold's Pilgrimage'' which brought him famousness ():

Just turned twenty-four he "found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman. ([http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML])

He started several love affairs with for example Lady Caroline Lamb (William Lamb´s wife), Lady Oxford and Lady Frances Wedderburn Webster. The liaison with Lady Lamb went public and became a social scandal. It is further suggested that Lady Lamb, now socially dismissed, tried to bring Lord Byron as well to fall, wherefore the rumours about him having an incestuous relationship to his half sister Mrs Leigh are presumably supported if not even invented by her. Interestingly some sources follow these speculations and even state the third child of Mrs. Leigh (Elizabeth Medora Leigh) being his child ([http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm]; [http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/]).

In 1815 he married Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke who before turned down his proposal but later accepted. Anna was a highly educated woman whose main interest layed on mathematics which was extensively uncommon during these times (). She gave birth to their daughter [[Augusta Ada Byron]] in the same year who became a famous mathematician and who is still known today (the programming language ''Ada'' is named after her due to her work) ([http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html]).

But only one year later Anna got a formal divorce from Lord Byron and the rumours about him having an affair with his half-sister started all over again. Before his and the reputation of his sister got more besmirged Lord Byron decided to leave England again and some of his friends joined him. Under these friends were the doctor John Polidori (who later wrote the novel ''Vampyr'' from the notes by Lord Byron), Percey Shelley and Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (later Mary Shelley). While telling each other horror stories Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin/ Mary Shelley started writing her famous work ''Frankenstein''.

----

'''Bibliography:'''

Hirschfeld, Georg. ''Lord Byron. Menschen, Völker, Zeiten. Eine Kulturgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.'' 14 vols. Ed. Max Kemmerich. Leipzig: Verlag Karl König, 1926.

''The Encyclopedia Britannica''. Ed. E. H. Coleridge. 1905. Scanned and edited by Jeffrey D. Hoeper. 1999. <http://engphil.astate.edu/gallery/BYRON11.HTML>.

''Yolanthes Bibliothek''. Ed. A. Kalmer. 2003. <http://www.yolanthe.de/vorw_frame1.htm>.

LoveToKnow Corp. 2002. <http://www.2020site.org/lord_byron/>.

Ed. John McCormick. 1997. <http://www.adahome.com/articles/1997-12/al_birthday.html>.

Mary Wollstonecraft

2009-12-15T22:20:12Z

Sina:

* 27th April 1759 in London
† 10th September 1797 in London

----

Mary Wollstonecraft was an 18th–century British feminist writer whose best known work ''Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' stands up for the equality of men and women and criticizes the inferior position of women in 18th–century society.[[1]]

----

'''Early Life:'''

Mary Wollstonecraft was born on the 27th April 1759 in London and died on the 10th September 1797 of puerperal fever in London. Her father, Edward John Wollstonecraft, was a farmer and her mother, Elizabeth Dixon, was the daughter of middle-class Irish Protestants. Wollstonecraft was the second child and had six siblings of whom one (Henry) died in infancy: Ned, Henry, Eliza, Everina, James and Charles.[[2]]

Wollstonecraft gives herself an account about her father’s violence against his wife, wherefore Wollstonecraft slept in front of her door during her childhood in order to protect her.[[3]] Wollstonecraft describes her own childhood in her work ''Mary'' that no one really had interest in her and no one appreciated her as being beautiful or docile. Her young life was dominated by violence, hate and fear, wherefore she had to deal with depressions[[4]]:

"Her sensibility prompted her to search for an object to love; on earth it was not fund […]." [[5]]

In 1775 Wollstonecraft met for the first time Frances Blood (Fanny Blood) who became her best friend. Due to Fanny’s talents, education and beauty Wollstonecraft started to admire her as an angel-like person. Three years later at the age of 19 Wollstonecraft left her unhappy home and became a paid companion to Mrs Dawson until 1780 when her mother became ill and Wollstonecraft came back to care for her. After her mother’s death on the 19 April 1782 she did surprinsingly not return to Mrs Dawson but instead moved to the Blood family, where she spent two wonderful years.[[6]]

Wollstonecraft’s sister Eliza married (in the same year when their mother died) Meredith Bishop with whom she got a daughter one year later called Mary Frances Bishop. It is generally suggested that Eliza suffered from post-natal depression and while Wollstonecraft cared for her she was able to convince Eliza to leave her husband and child. According to Wollstonecraft Bishop was the stereotype of a negative husband who did not care for his wife and suppressed her. This was a tremendous step for a woman during the 18th century, because from now on Eliza had to deal with consequences: social marginalisation, no chance of remarriage and further children, no financial security.[[7]]

Together with Fanny Blood and her sisters Everina and Eliza Wollstonecraft established a school at Newington Green but due to Fanny’s marriage with Hugh Skeys, she left together with him to Lisbon. In November 1785 Wollstonecraft travelled to Lisbon to find her friend Fanny dying in childbirth. When Wollstonecraft came back to London she had to deal with the next setback – she discovered that her sisters had financially ruined the school due to lack of knowledge. Further the parents of Fanny asked her now for financial support. Because of all these burdens her depressions, which she first experienced during youth, came back and she wished herself dead again.[[8]]

'''
'''Early Writing'''''

Through her friends she found a post in Ireland where she worked from 1786–1787 as a governess for the children of the Kingsborough family. During her stay she started to write her first work ''Thoughts on the Education of Daughters: With Reflections on Female Conduct, in the More Important Duties of Life'' which was published in 1787 by John Johnson, a liberal publisher. Right after she starts ''Mary: A Fiction''.[[9]]

In 1788 Johnson offered her a job as a translator and editorial assistant writer for his new magazine the ''Analytical Review'', wherefore Wollstonecraft came to the courageous decision to make her living only by writing. She labels herself as “the first of a new genus” in a letter to her sister Everina, because only a few women during these times could make a living from their writing and Wollstonecraft’s ideal was a financial self-reliance, independence and free life:

"Mr Johnson, whose uncommon kindness, I believe, has saved me from despair, and vexations I shrink back from – and feared to encounter; assures me that if I exert my talents in writing I may support myself in a comfortable way. I am then going to be the first of a new genus – I tremble at the attempt yet if I fail – I only suffer – and should I succeed, my dear Girls will ever in sickness have a home […]."[[10]]

In the same year ''Mary: A Fiction'' and ''Original Stories from Real Life'' were published by Johnson as well.[[11]]

In 1790 Wollstonecraft met the Swiss painter Fuseli who she fell in love with not knowing about his wife. Three years later she asks him to stay with her and is consequently rejected: "[…] by flirting with Mary he [Fuseli] simultaneously reassured himself and teased Sophia [his wife]."[[12]] She feels so badly treated by Fuseli that she leaves off immediately to Paris.[[13]]

'''Gilbert Imlay and William Godwin
'''

During her time with Fuseli she felt determined to react on ''Reflections on the Revolution in France'' by Edmund Burke, because she saw his argumentation as too conservative. She published ''A Vindication of the Rights of Men'' anonymously and only 29 days after his publication and dedicated it to Burke. Not only three weeks later the second edition had to appear – but this time under her real name.[[14]]
In 1791 Wollstonecraft started her famous ''Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' and in November she met the first time William Godwin, her later husband and father of her second child. Amusingly, his first impression was not favourable: "Godwin records in his Memoirs that Wollstonecraft annoyed him by hogging the conversation from the guest of honour, Thomas Paine. ´I, of consequence,´he writes, ´heard her, very frequently when I wished to hear Paine´."[[15]]

In January 1792 ''Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' was published, because of the great success the second edition appeared in the same year. She met Gilbert Imlay in 1793 and becomes his lover. In August she is registered at the American Embassy as his wife, because Imlay considered an American citizenship as more secure during these times. Wollstonecraft used her stay in Paris to work on the research for her next book ''An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution'' which was published only one year later in 1793.[[16]]

Both (Wollstonecraft and Imlay) left at different times to Le Havre where their first child, Fanny Imlay, was born on the 14 May 1794. Due to Imlay´s work Wollstonecraft spent with her daughter the winter alone in Le Havre, whereas Imlay traveled to Paris and London. Wollstonecraft followed him in April 1795 to London, where she carried out her first of two suicide attempts, because of her assumptions that Imlay could be unfaithful. There are no sources about her first suicide attempt, however, it is mainly suggested that she tried to poison herself with laudanum. Nevertheless she followed his request to travel for him to Scandinavia with her little daughter in order to locate a lost ship. When she returned half a year later to London she started a “series of books for the instruction of children” which were later published under the titel ''Lessons'' in ''Posthumous Works'' (edited after her death by William Godwin). She also had to discover that Imlay kept another mistress beside her. In October she was so depressed and devastated that she tried again to commit suicide by jumping from Putney Bridge into the Thames. This suicide attempt again ended unsuccessfully, because of the courageous acting of some fishermen who pulled her out of the water.[[17]]
Wollstonecraft recovered from her depressions and published in 1796 ''Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark'' with great success. She decided to stay for a while in Berkshire, away from Imlay with some female friends. When she came back to London she broke up the relationship to Imlay and visited William Godwin only one month later. She started ''The Wrong of Woman: or, Maria'' which she was never able to finish due to her sudden death.[[18]]
Godwin and Wollstonecraft started a love relationship, they married in 1797, moved together in London and on 30 August Wollstonecraft conceived her second child by him, [[Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]] (who was later to become [[Mary Shelley]]).[[19]]

Wollstonecraft died on the 10 September 1797 due to a supposedly puerperal fever only 9 days after giving birth to her second child.[[20]]

'''
'''Posthumous Works and Criticism''''''

Godwin expressed his grief by researching the complete life of his wife and filling ''Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' by it. This volume does not only include an all-encompassing biography but further all her unfinished writings and notes, for example, ''The Wrongs of Woman: or Maria. A Fragment'', some Letters to Imlay, the so-called ''Lessons, Fragment of Letters on the Management of Infants, Hints'' and the essay ''On Poetry, and Our Relish for the Beauties of Nature''.[[21]]

The biography by Godwin shows the complex character and life of Wollstonecraft – with its positive sides and also with its negative sides. Especially the negative aspects about Wollstonecraft´s character and life had consequences: "At this time, however, there was no precedent for frank ad intimate biography of this kind, and the ''Memoirs'' were received, almost without exception, as the work of an unfeeling husband, who foolishly revealed family secrets."[[22]]

Mainly her affairs, her illegitimate child and her suicide attempts revolted the public. Therefore her contemporaries started to reject Wollstonecraft and her works, her name became unmentionable and her work unreadable for everyone who laid claim to respectability.[[23]] One poem by Roscoe includes the following line, which he wrote down after reading the Memoirs:

Hard was thy fate in all the scenes of life
As daughter, sister, mother, friend, and wife;
But harder still, thy fate in death we own,
Thus mourn’d by Godwin with a heart of stone. [[24]]

Interestingly a few admirers stayed, who wrote about her, for example, poets like: Blake, Coleridge and Wordsworth. This common trend of antipathy against Mary Wollstonecraft existed until the end of the 19th century where intellectual circles started to discuss her works finally again.[[25]]

'''Wollstonecraft’s Works:''''''

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. Thoughts on the Education of Daughters: With
Reflections on Female Conduct, in the More Important Duties of Life. London: John Johnson 1787.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. Original Stories from Real Life: With
Conversations, Calculated to Regulate the Affections and Form the Mind to Truth and Goodness. London: John Johnson 1788.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary: A Fiction. London: John Johnson 1788.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Honourable Edmund Burke. London: John Johnson 1790.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman with
Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London: John Johnson 1792.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and
Progress of The French Revolution and the Effect It Has Produced in Europe. London: John Johnson 1794.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. London: John Johnson 1796.
 Godwin, William. Posthumous Works of the Author of a Vindication
of the Rights of Woman. Contains: Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman; Letters to Gilbert Imlay. London: John Johnson 1798.

'''
'''Sources:''''''

 Ferguson, Moira; Todd, Janet. ''Mary Wollstonecraft''. Boston: Twayne Publishers 1984.

 Godwin, William. ''Erinnerungen an Mary Wollstonecraft. Das Unrecht an den Frauen oder: Maria, ein Fragment''. Aus dem Englischen übertragen und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Ingrid von Rosenberg. Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein, 1993. [English edition would be nice]

 Moore, Jane. ''Mary Wollstonecraft''. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers, 1999.

 Nixon, Edna. ''Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times''. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1971.

 Pennell, Elizabeth Robins. „Mary Wollstonecraft.“ 1890. John Wilson and Son Press: Cambridge. 9 November 2009 <http://www.docstoc.com/docs/14214731/Elizabeth-Robins-Pennell---Mary-Wollstonecraft_10162>.

 Simon, Helene. ''William Godwin und Mary Wollstonecraft. Eine biographisch-soziologische Studie''. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1909.

 Taylor, G. R. Stirling. ''Mary Wollstonecraft. A Study in Economics and Romance''. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.

 Todd, Janet M. ''Mary Wollstonecraft: A ´Speculative and Dissenting Spirit''. 2009. BBC: 9 November 2009 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/wollstonecraft_01.shtml>.

 Todd, Janet M. ''Mary Wollstonecraft: An Annotated Bibliography''. 36 vols. London: Garland Publishing, 1976.

 Tomalin, Claire. ''The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft''. New York: New American Library, 1983.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. ''Mary, A Fiction and The Wrongs of Woman.'' Ed. by Gary Kelly. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.

 Wollstonecraft, Mary. ''The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft''. Ed. by Janet Todd. London: Penguin, 2003.

'''Notes:'''

[[1]] Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 1.
[[2]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 1 – 11.
[[3]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 3, 6 – 7;
Nixon, Edna. Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 5.
[[4]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 6; Simon, Helene.
William Godwin und Mary Wollstonecraft. Eine biographisch-soziologische Studie. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
1909: 47 – 48.
[[5]] Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary, A Fiction and The Wrongs of Woman. Ed. by Gary Kelly. London: Oxford University Press 1976: 5.
[[6]] Taylor, G. R. Stirling. Mary Wollstonecraft. A Study in Economics and Romance. New York: Greenwood Press, Publishers 1969:
44 – 45; Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 12 – 16;
19 – 21.
[[7]] Nixon, Edna. Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 21 – 24; Tomalin, Claire. The Life
and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 21 – 26.
[[8]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 36 – 37; Nixon, Edna.
Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 32.
[[9]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 43 – 45; Ferguson,
Moira; Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft. Boston: Twayne Publishers 1984: 17 – 23; 31 – 38.
[[10]] Wollstonecraft, Mary. The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. by Janet Todd. London: The Penguin Press 2003: 139.
[[11]] Todd, Janet M. Mary Wollstonecraft: A ´Speculative and Dissenting Spirit´. 2009. BBC: 9 November 2009 <http://www.bbc.co.uk
/history/british/empire_seapower/wollstonecraft_01.shtml>;
[[12]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 84.
[[13]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 81 – 84; 87 – 89.
[[14]] Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 32 – 36.
[[15]] Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 3.
[[16]] Tomalin, Claire. The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft. New York: New American Library, Inc. 1983: 141 – 146; Simon,
Helene. William Godwin und Mary Wollstonecraft. Eine biographisch-soziologische Studie. München: C. H. Beck’sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung 1909: 67 – 69.
[[17]] Simon, Helene. William Godwin und Mary Wollstonecraft. Eine biographisch-soziologische Studie. München: C. H. Beck’sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung 1909: 69; Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 2 – 3.
[[18]] Nixon, Edna. Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 190 – 200; Simon, Helene. William
Godwin und Mary Wollstonecraft. Eine biographisch-soziologische Studie. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1909: 69.
[[19]] Nixon, Edna. Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 204 – 212, 222 – 231, 242.
[[20]] Nixon, Edna. Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Life and Times. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd 1971: 242 – 249.
[[21]] See: Godwin, William. Erinnerungen an Mary Wollstonecraft. Das Unrecht an den Frauen oder: Maria, ein Fragment. Aus dem
Englischen übertragen und mit einem Nachwort versehen von Ingrid von Rosenberg. Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein 1993.
[[22]] Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 4 – 5.
[[23]]
[[24]] Pennell, Elizabeth Robins. „Mary Wollstonecraft.“ 1890. John Wilson and Son Press: Cambridge. 9 November 2009
<http://www.docstoc.com/docs/14214731/Elizabeth-Robins-Pennell---Mary-Wollstonecraft_10162>.
[[25]] Moore, Jane. Mary Wollstonecraft. Plymouth: Northcote House Publishers Ltd 1999: 3 – 6.

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