https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Max 2026-05-11T19:26:09Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Royal_Marriages_Act&diff=5522 2010-07-18T21:57:35Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>The Royal Marriages Act was passed in 1772 as a response to the secret marriage of Henry, Duke of Cumberland. It secured that no royal family member under the age of 25 was able to get married without the formal consent of the sovereign. Without any agreement of the monarch, the marriage would be declared void. The act is still in use and created problems for [[George IV]], who secretly married Mrs Fitzherbert at the age of 23, and for [[Princess Margaret]], who wanted to marry the divorced Peter Townsend.<br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> <br /> Cannon, John and Anne Hargreaves. ''The Kings and Queens of Britain''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.<br /> <br /> Cannon, John. ''A Dictionary of British History''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Act_of_Settlement&diff=5455 2010-07-12T20:17:30Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>Act of Parliament that since 1701 has regulated the succession to the throne of Great Britain in the &quot;Protestant line&quot;.(Encyclopædia Britannica)<br /> <br /> '''Context''': In autumn 1700 [[William III]] was ill and had no children who could inherit the throne, his wife, erstwhile joint ruler [[Mary I]] had already died. [[Anne I|Anne]], his sister-in-law, had just lost her last surviving son and the group of supporters for the exiled king [[James II]] was growing. In this precarious situation, the Act of Settlement aimed at providing security and stability for the English government. <br /> <br /> <br /> The law passed over several possible Catholic successors to the throne and specifically stipulated that the crown was to pass to Sophia, granddaughter of [[James I]] and electress of Hanover, who was a Protestant: &quot;That the most excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, daughter of the most excellent Princess Elizabeth, late Queen of Bohemia, daughter of our late sovereign lord King James the First, of happy memory, be and is hereby declared to be the next in succession, in the Protestant line, to the imperial Crown and dignity of the said Realms of England, France, and Ireland, with the dominions and territories thereunto belonging&quot; ([http://www.jacobite.ca/documents/1701settlement.htm]).<br /> <br /> Moreover the act decreed that:<br /> <br /> 1. All future monarchs must be members of the Church of England.<br /> <br /> 2. If a future monarch is not a native of England, England is &quot;not obliged to engage in any war for the defence of any dominions or territories which do not belong to the Crown of England, without the consent of Parliament&quot; ([http://www.jacobite.ca/documents/1701settlement.htm]).<br /> <br /> 3. Political decisions concerning &quot;all matters and things relating to the well governing of this Kingdom&quot; have to be made in the [[Privy Council]]. <br /> <br /> 4. No foreigner can be a member of the [[Privy Council]] (&quot;although he be naturalized or made a denizen, except such as are born of English parents&quot;) or of both houses of Parliament. <br /> <br /> 5. People receiving a salary from the monarch or who serve on the Privy Council cannot be members of Parliament. <br /> <br /> 6. Judges were to hold office during good behavior and can be removed by an impeachment by both houses of Parliament.<br /> <br /> 7. Impeachments by the House of Commons cannot be pardoned under the Great Seal of England (i.e., by the sovereign).<br /> <br /> Here one can discern the trend to institutionalise government, which - in contrast to the monarch - can be held responsible for its decisions (i.e. the Privy Council), to keep foreign courtiers and foreign interests out of the way (this is not so much directed against Catholic James II, but against Dutch William of Orange) and to install Parliament as the central institution for controlling politics. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A695441<br /> <br /> http://www.jacobite.ca/documents/1701settlement.htm<br /> <br /> ''The new Encyclopædia Britannica'',in 32 vol.[1974],Encyclopædia Britannica <br /> <br /> Arnold-Baker, Charles:''The companion to British history'', 1996.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=James_II&diff=5454 2010-07-12T19:58:22Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>1633-1701. King of England from 1685 to 1688.<br /> <br /> James II was the son of King [[Charles I]] and Queen Henrietta Maria. He succeeded his older brother [[Charles II]] to the English (and Scottish) throne. First, he was married to Anne Hyde (a Protestant and the daughter of chancellor Clarendon) with whom he had two daughters, Mary and [[Anne I|Anne]]. After the death of his first wife, he married Mary of Modena (a Catholic) and had a son with her, James Francis Edward. He left England and the English throne during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Mary and her husband [[William of Orange]].<br /> <br /> James grew up in exile, in France, due to the [[Civil War]] in England. He made a career in the French army. But in 1655, France became an ally of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England at that time, and therefore France became an enemy of the English royal family. That is the reason why James and the whole royal family went to the part of the Netherlands which was under Spanish rule. In 1658, James joined the Spanish army. On his brother’s wish, he fought together with the Spanish troops against the united English and French troops. He returned to England in 1660 after the [[Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy.<br /> <br /> In religious terms, James II was strongly influenced by his [[Catholicism|Catholic]] mother. He was himself a devout Catholic since 1668. The fact that he was a Catholic became a serious problem during his reign because the English people were very suspicious of Catholics after the events of [[Mary I]] and the [[Gunpowder Plot]]. After 1685, James II strongly supported the English Catholics and gave them many important posts. According to Parliament, these pro-Catholic policies were against the [[Test Acts]], a series of laws which were to guarantee the exclusion of Catholics from Court and Parliament. In 1687, James II proclaimed the Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended the Test Acts and some other anti-Catholic laws. Thus, he was accused of suspending laws without the consent of Parliament. But it was his second pro-Catholic Declaration of Indulgence (April 1688), which led to really serious trouble. This declaration was supposed to be read out in the Anglican churches, and the Protestant English elite was strongly opposed to this. Moreover, the birth of James's son [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] (his male heir and baptized Catholic) in June 1688 contributed to the fear of the Protestant English elite to be run over by a Catholic dynasty. They sent a petition to [[William of Orange]] (husband of James’s eldest and Protestant daughter Mary), and they invited him to come to England and to ascend the English throne. Dutch troops landed in England on the 5th of November 1688. James II fled to France, and later he went to Ireland. This is the so-called [[Glorious Revolution]]. In the mainly Catholic Ireland, James made a last attempt to regain the throne. He formed a troop against William of Orange. But after a series of defeats against William’s troops, most famously at the Siege of Derry and at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] (1690), he finally left for the continent.<br /> <br /> He lived in French exile until his death in 1701. He spent most of his time meditating and praying, and made no further attempts to regain the English throne. His claim to the English and Scottish throne was supported by [[Jacobites]].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Eßer, Raingard. ''Die Tudors und die Stuarts.'' Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2004.<br /> <br /> Kluxen, Kurt. ''Geschichte Englands. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.'' Stuttgart: Kröner, 1985.<br /> <br /> Maurer, Michael. ''Kleine Geschichte Englands.'' Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=William_IV&diff=5325 2010-07-08T13:19:39Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>1765-1837. Son of [[George III]]. King of England 1830-1837.<br /> <br /> William IV was born at Buckingham Palace on 21 August 1765 as the third son of George III and Queen Charlotte. His oldest brother George was heir to the throne and his next brother Frederick was also available to become king. For this reason, it was considered unlikely that William would ascend the throne.<br /> <br /> At the age of 13, William was sent to become a midshipman in the Royal Navy, where he experienced a good deal of combat and did not receive any special treatment. <br /> <br /> From 1791-1811, William lived with his mistress Dorothy Jordan. The celebrated comic actress bore him 10 illegitimate children. <br /> <br /> In 1811, George III was declared insane – he is now known to have had porphyria, a nervous disorder – and William’s oldest brother George (later George IV) was appointed prince regent. When the prince regent’s only child, Princess Charlotte, died in 1817, a dynastic crisis threatened the British monarchy because she was George III’s only grandchild and there was no other heir to the throne in the next generation. The same year, William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. Adelaide became pregnant several times but none of her children survived. <br /> <br /> With the death of William’s brother Frederick (1827), William was quite unexpectedly left heir to the throne. In 1830, George IV died and William was crowned king at the age 64. <br /> <br /> His simplicity, friendliness and good nature made him initially very popular, especially after the vain and extravagant reign of his brother. However, he was often criticised for his shallow and eccentric opinions and because he frequently insulted important people. <br /> <br /> By the early 1830’s the call for electoral reform was great and the king agreed with the Whig leader Lord Grey that a reform was necessary. William decisively intervened when the conservative House of Lords rejected the reform bill. In 1832 the Great Refom Bill was passed, which abolished some of the worst abuses of the electoral system (e.g. the representation of so called ‘rotton boroughs’ – constituencies whose population had declined and, therefore, had an unrepresentative influence within Parliament – were stopped). The Reform Act 1832 also introduced standardised rules for the franchise and extended the right to vote to the middle class.<br /> <br /> On 20 June 1837 King William IV died. He had often been foolish and undignified, but unlike George IV, the Britons considered him to be one of them. With his passing the Georgian era ended and William’s niece Victoria, who had turned 18 one month before his death, succeeded him to the throne.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> BBC. Historic Figures: William IV. 2010 &lt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iv.shtml&gt;.<br /> <br /> Erickson, Carolly. Brief lives of the English monarchs. London: St Martin’s Press, 2003.<br /> <br /> The official website of the British Monarchy. William IV. 2009 &lt;http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHanoverians/WilliamIV.aspx&gt;.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=William_IV&diff=5324 2010-07-08T13:19:28Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>1765-1837. Son of [[George III]]. King of England 1830-1837.<br /> <br /> William IV was born at Buckingham Palace on 21 August 1765 as the third son of George III and Queen Charlotte. His oldest brother George was heir to the throne and his next brother Frederick was also available to become king. For this reason, it was considered unlikely that William would ascend the throne.<br /> <br /> At the age of 13, William was sent to become a midshipman in the Royal Navy, where he experienced a good deal of combat and did not receive any special treatment. <br /> <br /> From 1791-1811, William lived with his mistress Dorothy Jordan. The celebrated comic actress bore him 10 illegitimate children. <br /> <br /> In 1811, George III was declared insane – he is now known to have had porphyria, a nervous disorder – and William’s oldest brother George (later George IV) was appointed prince regent. When the prince regent’s only child, Princess Charlotte, died in 1817, a dynastic crisis threatened the British monarchy because she was George III’s only grandchild and there was no other heir to the throne in the next generation. The same year, William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. Adelaide became pregnant several times but none of her children survived. <br /> <br /> With the death of William’s brother Frederick (1827), William was quite unexpectedly left heir to the throne. In 1830, George IV died and William was crowned king at the age 64. <br /> <br /> His simplicity, friendliness and good nature made him initially very popular, especially after the vain and extravagant reign of his brother. However, he was often criticised for his shallow and eccentric opinions and because he frequently insulted important people. <br /> <br /> By the early 1830’s the call for electoral reform was great and the king agreed with the Whig leader Lord Grey that a reform was necessary. William decisively intervened when the conservative House of Lords rejected the reform bill. In 1832 the Great Refom Bill was passed, which abolished some of the worst abuses of the electoral system (e.g. the representation of so called ‘rotton boroughs’ – constituencies whose population had declined and, therefore, had an unrepresentative influence within Parliament – were stopped). The Reform Act 1832 also introduced standardised rules for the franchise and extended the right to vote to the middle class.<br /> <br /> On 20 June 1837 King William IV died. He had often been foolish and undignified, but unlike George IV, the Britons considered him to be one of them. With his passing the Georgian era ended and William’s niece Victoria, who had turned 18 one month before his death, succeeded him to the throne.<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> <br /> BBC. Historic Figures: William IV. 2010 &lt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iv.shtml&gt;.<br /> <br /> Erickson, Carolly. Brief lives of the English monarchs. London: St Martin’s Press, 2003.<br /> <br /> The official website of the British Monarchy. William IV. 2009 &lt;http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHanoverians/WilliamIV.aspx&gt;.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=William_IV&diff=5323 2010-07-08T13:19:10Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>1765-1837. Son of [[George III]]. King of England 1830-1837.<br /> <br /> William IV was born at Buckingham Palace on 21 August 1765 as the third son of George III and Queen Charlotte. His oldest brother George was heir to the throne and his next brother Frederick was also available to become king. For this reason, it was considered unlikely that William would ascend the throne.<br /> <br /> At the age of 13, William was sent to become a midshipman in the Royal Navy, where he experienced a good deal of combat and did not receive any special treatment. <br /> <br /> From 1791-1811, William lived with his mistress Dorothy Jordan. The celebrated comic actress bore him 10 illegitimate children. <br /> <br /> In 1811, George III was declared insane – he is now known to have had porphyria, a nervous disorder – and William’s oldest brother George (later George IV) was appointed prince regent. When the prince regent’s only child, Princess Charlotte, died in 1817, a dynastic crisis threatened the British monarchy because she was George III’s only grandchild and there was no other heir to the throne in the next generation. The same year, William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. Adelaide became pregnant several times but none of her children survived. <br /> <br /> With the death of William’s brother Frederick (1827), William was quite unexpectedly left heir to the throne. In 1830, George IV died and William was crowned king at the age 64. <br /> <br /> His simplicity, friendliness and good nature made him initially very popular, especially after the vain and extravagant reign of his brother. However, he was often criticised for his shallow and eccentric opinions and because he frequently insulted important people. <br /> <br /> By the early 1830’s the call for electoral reform was great and the king agreed with the Whig leader Lord Grey that a reform was necessary. William decisively intervened when the conservative House of Lords rejected the reform bill. In 1832 the Great Refom Bill was passed, which abolished some of the worst abuses of the electoral system (e.g. the representation of so called ‘rotton boroughs’ – constituencies whose population had declined and, therefore, had an unrepresentative influence within Parliament – were stopped). The Reform Act 1832 also introduced standardised rules for the franchise and extended the right to vote to the middle class.<br /> <br /> On 20 June 1837 King William IV died. He had often been foolish and undignified, but unlike George IV, the Britons considered him to be one of them. With his passing the Georgian era ended and William’s niece Victoria, who had turned 18 one month before his death, succeeded him to the throne.<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> BBC. Historic Figures: William IV. 2010 &lt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iv.shtml&gt;.<br /> <br /> Erickson, Carolly. Brief lives of the English monarchs. London: St Martin’s Press, 2003.<br /> <br /> The official website of the British Monarchy. William IV. 2009 &lt;http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHanoverians/WilliamIV.aspx&gt;.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=William_IV&diff=5275 2010-07-03T12:30:17Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>1765-1837. Son of [[George III]]. King of England 1830-1837.<br /> <br /> He succeeded his brother George IV to the throne, when he was already 64 years old.<br /> <br /> {{working|Max}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Expansion]]</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&diff=5022 2010-05-31T15:53:55Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>Magna Carta is an influential legal document, which King John was pressured into signing in 1215. It reduced his power as King of England and granted his subjects more rights.<br /> <br /> The privileges permitted by Edward’s law, which many men enjoyed in the Anglo-Saxon period disappeared with the succeeding dynasties. After the Norman Conquest the Monarchs ruled in a more absolute manner. Over the years a feeling of nostalgia towards the Anglo-Saxon laws grew. Although many monarchs expressed their will to grant their subjects certain rights no King actually did. Immediately after ascending the throne Henry I for example promised to grant his subjects more rights in the so called “Charter of Liberty” but in reality he failed to do so. However, his charter was later used as a model for the Magna Carta. <br /> <br /> Another reason for the increasing demand for a legal document asserting the subjects’ rights can be found in King John’s reign. The battles he fought against France on the continent at the beginning of the 13th century did great harm to his popularity and when he returned to England after being defeated in Bouvines the opposition against him had grown strong. He had financed his warfare by raising taxes and especially the Barons of the north resisted his demand of the fees they were ordered to pay for not having accompanied him into battle or having sent any other form of support. Threatened by military actions of the northerners, King John was pressured into signing the Magna Carta on 15 June 1215. <br /> <br /> To a degree the charter was beneficial for all of the King’s subjects. The opening chapter guaranteed the church their liberties. All merchants were allowed to come and go freely except in time of war and trade was made simpler by introducing standard weights and measures. An attempt was made to curb the abuse of power of local officials; for example it was no longer legal to force people or whole villages to build bridges. <br /> The most influential points in later disputes were the judicial clauses. Common pleas were to be held in a fixed place instead of following the court. Right and justice were not to be denied to anyone and no freeman was to be prosecuted without a trial. This reduced the power of the king, who was no longer able to declare anyone an outlaw, depriving him of his rights. <br /> In addition, the charter dealt with debt payments, inheritance, taxation, etc. To raise taxes it was now necessary to consult a council, the main task of Parliament in the centuries to come.<br /> <br /> Although the significance of the Magna Carta at the time may be somewhat disputable there is no doubt about the influence it has had on history. Until the 17th century it was confirmed or revised 32 times and had a great influence on later declarations such as the Bill of Rights (1689).<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources''' <br /> <br /> Kyriazis-Gouvelis, Demetrios L. Magna Carta Palladium der Freiheiten oder feudales Stabilimentum. Berlin: Duncker und Humboldt, 1984. <br /> <br /> Poole, Austin Lane. From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087 - 1216. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. <br /> <br /> Schröder, Hans-Christoph. “Die Geschichte Englands bis 1945: Ein Überblick” Länderbericht Großbritanien. Eds. Hans Kastendiek and Roland Sturm. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2006: 14-52.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&diff=4869 2010-05-20T11:50:11Z

<p>Max: Created page with &#039;The Magna Carta is an influential legal document, which King John was pressured into signing in 1215. It reduced his power as King of England and allowed a powerful parliament to…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>The Magna Carta is an influential legal document, which King John was pressured into signing in 1215. It reduced his power as King of England and allowed a powerful parliament to form. The Magna Carta granted the King’s subjects certain civil rights.<br /> <br /> {{working|Max}}</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4689 2010-05-03T19:59:51Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When [[Charles I]] dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of [[Puritanism]] he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 [[Civil War|civil war]] broke out between Parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of [[Charles II]] at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by [[Edward I]]. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The [[Restoration]] of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4688 2010-05-03T19:59:12Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When [[Charles I]] dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of [[Puritanism]] he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 [[English Civil War|civil war]] broke out between Parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of [[Charles II]] at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by [[Edward I]]. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The [[Restoration]] of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4687 2010-05-03T19:56:31Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When [[Charles I]] dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of [[Puritanism]] he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 [[civil war]] broke out between Parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of [[Charles II]] at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by [[Edward I]]. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The [[Restoration]] of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4686 2010-05-03T19:52:15Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The [[Restoration]] of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4685 2010-05-03T19:50:30Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from [[Stuart]] tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4684 2010-05-03T19:49:43Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4683 2010-05-03T19:49:33Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4682 2010-05-03T19:48:52Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> <br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> <br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4681 2010-05-03T19:48:35Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.<br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4680 2010-05-03T19:48:03Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> Crespi, Alfred. “Oliver Cromwell.” After Work 3 (1876): 104-108.<br /> Morrill, John. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. London: Longman, 1990.<br /> Roots, Ivan. Cromwell: A Profile. London: Macmillan, 1973.<br /> <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4676 2010-05-03T19:35:21Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the Parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4675 2010-05-03T19:32:40Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire-3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell was leader of the New Model Army and a staunch Parliamentarian. <br /> He fought against Charles I and was also involved in the trial against him and his execution in 1649. <br /> 1653, Cromwell became [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> Oliver Cromwell has left distinct impressions on the people of the British Isles. Many consider him the saviour from Stuart tyranny and celebrate the religious freedom he guaranteed, others, especially the Irish, remember him as a relentless person who brutally crushed rebellions slaughtering many inhabitants. <br /> <br /> Cromwell was a man of a humble background who lived the first 40 years of his life in obscurity as a farmer and businessman. He studied at Cambridge University for one year before the death of his father urged him to return to Huntingdon. Cromwell became MP in the parliament of 1628-1629.<br /> <br /> When Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 Cromwell returned to Huntingdon, where he experienced a spiritual crisis. The puritan beliefs he acquired in the 1630s had a great impact on his life. As a follower of Puritanism he distanced himself from religious conventions and was convinced of being spiritually guided and carrying out God’s will. His knowledge that God had a plan for him and for England had an important influence on his later politics. <br /> <br /> He began to gain a nationwide reputation when he was elected MP first in the Short Parliament and then in the Long Parliament (1640). In 1642 civil war broke out between parliament and Charles I, who was supported by a powerful army and the established Church. Despite any military experience Cromwell was soon made lieutenant-general due to his extraordinary wisdom and skills in battle. In 1645 Cromwell and his New Model Army won a decisive victory and defeated the Royalists at Naseby. <br /> <br /> After the Second Civil War, in which Charles I allied with the Scots, Cromwell was convinced that the King should be prosecuted. In 1649 Charles I was found guilty and sentenced to death. The warrant was signed by Cromwell, amongst others. In 1650 Cromwell landed in Ireland to suppress rebellions. He restored order by infamously slaughtering the Irish in Drogheda and Wexford. By defeating supporters of Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651) Cromwell successfully put an end to the civil war.<br /> <br /> In 1653 he dissolved Parliament and accepted office as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As Lord Protector he successfully captured Jamaica (1655) and allied with France to fight Spain. He encouraged the Jews to return to England after they had been expelled by Edward I. He is also famous for refusing the offer of kingship in 1657. <br /> <br /> After Cromwell’s death in 1658 his son Richard Cromwell failed in succeeding him and resigned in 1659. The Restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.</div>

Max https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Oliver_Cromwell&diff=4474 2010-04-30T19:10:39Z

<p>Max: </p> <hr /> <div>Oliver Cromwell was born on 25 April 1599 in Huntingdonshire and died 3 September 1658.<br /> <br /> In 1649 Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the New Model Army, declared himself [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth]].<br /> <br /> [work in progress]</div>

Max