British Culture - User contributions [en]

Edward II

2010-07-06T11:41:07Z

Larry:

April 25, 1284 (Caernarvon, Wales) - September 21, 1327 (Gloucestershire).
The fourth son of [[Edward I]] and [[Eleanor of Castile]]. His three older brothers died at an early age, as well as his five sisters.

On February 1, 1301 he was appointed the first [[Prince of Wales]] and in 1304 he was knighted.

In 1307 he became king. One of his first actions as king was the break of the unsuccessful war against Scotland in which his father had died. But he resumed the war to gain more royal power again on the British island. He was defeated in the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314 what led to a complete independence of Scotland.

As he had an affection for male accompanists his wife Isabella allied with [[Sir Roger Mortimer]], took her son [[Edward III]] and went to France. Because of his "minion economy" he was also criticized by the English nobility. Furthermore his financial and military requirements to the landed gentry caused several revolts. Edward defeated a first rebellion in the years 1321/22 and punished the gentry by confiscating their estates.

After neglecting the obeisance bonds with France (due to the past happenings in [[Gascogne]]) war broke out in 1324 and lasted until 1327. During this war Queen Isabella returned with Mortimer and her son Edward and invaded England in 1326. Among her supporters was the English gentry. Edward II was captured on November 16 and in January 1327 he disclaimed the throne.

They say that he was killed by rectally inserting a glowing iron rod that was an allusion to his supposed homosexual relationship with one of his minions, Piers Gaveston.
He was buried in a pompous ceremony in the abbey of Gloucester that is known today as Gloucester Cathedral.

Edwards life was the model for the play "Edward II" by [[Christopher Marlowe]]. There was also a film adaptation by Derek Jarman.

'''Sources'''

http://www.nndb.com/people/710/000093431/

http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/close/gg02/themurderofedward2nd.html

http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/koenige/england/eduard_2_koenig_von_england_+_1327.html

Edward II

2010-07-06T11:38:13Z

Larry:

April 25, 1284 (Caernarvon, Wales) - September 21, 1327 (Gloucestershire).
The fourth son of [[Edward I]] and [[Eleanor of Castile]]. His three older brothers died at an early age, as well as his five sisters.

On February 1, 1301 he was appointed the first [[Prince of Wales]] and in 1304 he was knighted.

In 1307 he became king. One of his first actions as king was the break with the unsuccessful war against Scotland in which his father had died. But he resumed the war to gain more royal power again on the British island. He was defeated in the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314 what led to a complete independence of Scotland.

As he had an affection for male accompanists his wife Isabella allied with [[Sir Roger Mortimer]], took her son [[Edward III]] and went to France. Because of his "minion economy" he was also criticized by the English nobility. Furthermore his financial and military requirements to the landed gentry caused several revolts. Edward defeated a first rebellion in the years 1321/22 and punished the gentry by confiscating their estates.

After neglecting the obeisance bonds with France (due to the past happenings in [[Gascogne]]) war broke out in 1324 and lasted until 1327. During this war Queen Isabella returned with Mortimer and her son Edward and invaded England in 1326. Among her supporters was the English gentry. Edward II was captured on November 16 and in January 1327 he disclaimed the throne.

They say that he was killed by rectally inserting a glowing iron rod that was an allusion to his supposed homosexual relationship with one of his minions, Piers Gaveston.
He was buried in a pompous ceremony in the abbey of Gloucester that is known today as Gloucester Cathedral.

Edwards life was the model for the play "Edward II" by [[Christopher Marlowe]]. There was also a film adaptation by Derek Jarman.

'''Sources'''

http://www.nndb.com/people/710/000093431/

http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/close/gg02/themurderofedward2nd.html

http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/koenige/england/eduard_2_koenig_von_england_+_1327.html

Henry VI

2010-05-30T10:52:02Z

Larry:

Born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, died on May 21, 1471 in London.
Son of [[Henry V]] and [[Catherine of Valois]]. In 1445 he married [[Margaret of Anjou]] with whom he had one son, Edward (Prince of Wales). Edward was killed in the battle of Tewkesbury on May 20, 1471, one day before his father's execution.

Already in 1422 Henry became king of England and France. Since 1428 his preceptor was Richard Beauchamp who trained him to be a good man and refined gentleman. On November 6, 1429 he was crowned at Westminster and on December 26, 1431 in Paris.

As animosity spread in France Joan of Arc appeared in 1428, who rescued the French Dauphin Charles in 1429 that led to his coronation as [[Charles VII]] in Reims. England lost Brittany in 1449, the Normandy in 1450 and Gascony in 1453 that was the starting point of the [[Hundred Year's War]]. Except for Calais Henry lost his claim to all French territories.
During his reign the [[War of the Roses]] was at its heyday. After an attack of a hereditary mental illness, Richard, Duke of [[York]], was made protector of Henry's realms. His wife Margaret rebelled against Richard but she was defeated at St. Albans in 1455. In 1460 Richard trapped Henry and forced him to pass over the crown to him. But Henry could escape and joined the Lancastvian forces. He attacked the Yorks at Towton in March 1461 and was defeated. Richard's son [[Edward IV]] was proclaimed king. Henry and Margaret had to exile to Scotland where they were captured. They were imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] until 1470. In September 1470 Henry was restored to power at short notice. After the defeat of his son at Tewkesbury Henry had to go back to the Tower and was killed one day later on May 21, 1471.

----

'''Sources'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon36.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_VI_Of_England

Henry VI

2010-05-30T10:51:36Z

Larry:

Born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, died on May 21, 1471 in London.
Son of [[Henry V]] and [[Catherine of Valois]]. In 1445 he married [[Margaret of Anjou]] with whom he had one son, Edward (Prince of Wales). Edward was killed in the battle of Tewkesbury on May 20, 1471, one day before his father's execution.

Already in 1422 Henry became king of England and France. Since 1428 his preceptor was Richard Beauchamp who trained him to be a good man and refined gentleman. On November 6, 1429 he was crowned at Westminster and on December 26, 1431 in Paris.

As animosity spread in France Joan of Arc appeared in 1428, who rescued the French Dauphin Charles in 1429 that led to his coronation as [[Charles VII]] in Reims. England lost Brittany in 1449, the Normandy in 1450 and Gascony in 1453 that was the starting point of the [[Hundred Year's War]]. Except for Calais Henry lost his claim to all French territories.
During his reign the [[War of the Roses]] was at its heyday. After an attack of a hereditary mental illness, Richard, Duke of [[York]], was made protector of Henry's realms. His wife Margaret rebelled against Richard but she was defeated at St. Albans in 1455. In 1460 Richard trapped Henry and forced him to pass over the crown to him. But Henry could escape and joined the Lancastvian forces. He attacked the Yorks at Towton in March 1461 and was defeated. Richard's son [[Edward IV]] was proclaimed king. Henry and Margaret had to exile to Scotland where they were captured. They were imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] until 1470. In September 1470 Henry was restored to power at short notice. After the defeat of his son at Tewkesbury Henry had to go back to the Tower and was killed one day later on May 21, 1471.

----
'''
Sources'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon36.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_VI_Of_England

Henry VI

2010-05-30T10:47:06Z

Larry: Created page with 'Born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, died on May 21, 1471 in London. Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois. In 1445 he married Margaret of Anjou with whom he had one…'

Born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, died on May 21, 1471 in London.
Son of [[Henry V]] and [[Catherine of Valois]]. In 1445 he married [[Margaret of Anjou]] with whom he had one son, Edward (Prince of Wales). Edward was killed in the battle of Tewkesbury on May 20, 1471, one day before his father's execution.

Already in 1422 Henry became king of England and France. Since 1428 his preceptor was Richard Beauchamp who trained him to be a good man and refined gentleman. On November 6, 1429 he was crowned at Westminster and on December 26, 1431 in Paris.

As animosity spread in France Joan of Arc appeared in 1428, who rescued the French Dauphin Charles in 1429 that led to his coronation as [[Charles VII]] in Reims. England lost Brittany in 1449, the Normandy in 1450 and Gascony in 1453 that was the starting point of the [[Hundred Year's War]]. Except for Calais Henry lost his claim to all French territories.
During his reign the [[War of the Roses]] was at its heyday. After an attack of a hereditary mental illness, Richard, Duke of York, was made protector of Henry's realms. His wife Margaret rebelled against Richard but she was defeated at St. Albans in 1455. In 1460 Richard trapped Henry and forced him to pass over the crown to him. But Henry could escape and joined the Lancastvian forces. He attacked the Yorks at Towton in March 1461 and was defeated. Richard's son [[Edward VI]] was proclaimed king. Henry and Margaret had to exile to Scotland where they were captured. They were imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] until 1470. In September 1470 Henry was restored to power at short notice. After the defeat of his son at Tewkesbury Henry had to go back to the Tower and was killed one day later on May 21, 1471.

----
'''
Sources'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon36.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Henry_VI_Of_England

George V

2010-05-04T07:45:01Z

Larry:

Born on June 3 1865 in [[Marlborough]] House, London, died on January 20, 1936 in Sandringham after a bronchitis. Son of [[Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark]]. King of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British dominions beyond the seas, and emperor of India.

Until the death of his older brother [[Albert]] in 1892 he served as a professional naval officer and became the new official successor of the throne after the death of Albert. In 1893 he married [[Mary of Teck]] with whom he had four sons and one daughter. In 1901 he was appointed [[Prince of Wales]].
In 1910 he finally ascended the throne while there was a constitutional crisis in parliament: the so called budget controversy between the [[House of Lords]] and the [[House of Commons]] that dealt with new social reforms. George was on the side of the Liberals in the ([[House of Commons]]) and wanted to push through the reforms. The result was the [[Parliament Bill]] of 1911, which restricted the powers of the House of Lords.
During World War I George and his wife made several visits to the front where George's pelvis was injured.
During the worldwide depression of 1929-1931 the king was forced to try to unite the three leading political parties into a coalition government.
Under his reign there were also numerous changes in the [[Empire]]. After the establishment of an independent Irish Parliament in 1918 the [[Government of Ireland Act]] of 1920 divided Ireland along religious lines. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa also claimed self-governance and so the [[British Commonwealth of Nations]] was created by the [[Statute of Westminster]] in 1931. The [[India Act]] in 1935 granted India a kind of self-determination.
There was also a big change in the manner of monarchy under George. In contrast to his ancestors he drew upon diligence, dignity and duty and transformed the monarchy from a institution of constitutional legality to a "bulwark of traditions, values and customs"[http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon60.html], especially concerning the family.
George V was not the kind of intellectual king but rather like most of his subjects and he gave the following kings and queens the role of a representative.

'''Sources'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon60.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/George_V_of_Britain

http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101033369/

George V

2010-05-02T17:03:37Z

Larry:

George V, king of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British dominions beyond the seas, and emperor of India

George V was born on June 3, 1865 in [[Marlborough]] House, London and died on January 20, 1936 in Sandringhausen after a bronchitis. His father was [[Edward VII]] and his mother was [[Alexandra of Denmark]].
Until the death of his older brother [[Albert]] in 1892 he served as a professional naval officer and became the new official successor of the throne. In 1893 he married [[Mary of Teck]] with whom he had four sons and one daughter and in 1901 he was appointed [[Prince of Wales]].
In 1910 he finally ascended the throne while there was a constitutional crisis in the parliament: the so called budget controversy between the [[Tories]] and the [[Liberals]] that dealt with new social reforms. George was on the side of the Liberals ([[House of Commons]]) and wanted to push through the reforms. The result was the [[Parliament Bill]] of 1911.
During World War I George and his wife made several visits to the front where George`s pelvis was injured.
During the worldwide depression of 1929 - 1931 the king was forced to try to unite the three leading political parties into a coalition parliament.
Under his reign there were also numerous changes in the [[Empire]]. After the establishment of the independent Irish Parliament in 1918 the [[Government of Ireland Act]] of 1920 divided Ireland along religious lines. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa also claimed self-governance and so the [[British Commonwealth of Nations]] was created by the [[Statute of Westminster]] in 1931. The [[India Act]] in 1935 granted India a kind of self-determination.
There was also a big change in the manner of monarchy under George. In contrast to his ancestors he drew upon diligence, dignity and duty and transformed the monarchy from a institution of constitutional legality to a "bulwark of traditions, values and customs", especially concerning the family.
George V was not the kind of intellectual king but rather like most of his subjects and he gave the following kings and queens the role of a representative.

'''Literature'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon60.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/George_V_of_Britain

http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101033369/

George V

2010-05-02T11:16:54Z

Larry:

George V, king of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British dominions beyond the seas, and emperor of India

George V was born on June 3, 1865 in [[Marlborough]] House, London and died on January 20, 1936 in Sandringhausen after a bronchitis. His father was [[Edward VII]] and his mother was [[Alexandra of Denmark]].
Until the death of his older brother [[Albert]] in 1892 he served as a professional naval officer and became the new official successor of the throne. In 1893 he married [[Mary of Teck]] with whom he had four sons and one daughter and in 1901 he was appointed [[Prince of Wales]].
In 1901 he finally ascended the throne while there was a constitutional crisis in the parliament: the so called budget controversy between the Tories and the Liberals that dealt with new social reforms. George was on the side of the Liberals (House of Commons) and wanted to push through the reforms. The result was the Parliament Bill of 1911.
During World War I George and his wife made several visits to the front where George`s pelvis was injured.
During the worldwide depression of 1929 - 1931 the king was forced to try to unite the three leading political parties into a coalition parliament.
Under his reign there were also numerous changes in the Empire. After the establishment of the independent Irish Parliament in 1918 the Government of Ireland Act of 1920 divided Ireland along religious lines. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa also claimed self-governance and so the British Commonwealth of Nations was created by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The India Act in 1935 granted India a kind of self-determination.
There was also a big change in the manner of monarchy under George. In contrast to his ancestors he drew upon diligence, dignity and duty and transformed the monarchy from a institution of constitutional legality to a "bulwark of traditions, values and customs", especially concerning the family.
George V was not the kind of intellectual king but rather like most of his subjects and he gave the following kings and queens the role of a representative.

'''Literature'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon60.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/George_V_of_Britain

http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101033369/

George V

2010-05-02T11:14:28Z

Larry:

George V, king of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British dominions beyond the seas, and emperor of India

George V was born on June 3, 1865 in [[Marlborough]] House, London and died on January 20, 1936 in Sandringhausen after a bronchitis. His father was [[Edward VII]] and his mother was [[Alexandra of Denmark]].
Until the death of his older brother [[Albert]] in 1892 he served as a professional naval officer and became the new official successor of the throne. In 1893 he married [[Mary of Teck]] with whom he had four sons and one daughter and in 1901 he was appointed [[Prince of Wales]].
In 1901 he finally ascended the throne while there was a constitutional crises in the parliament: the so called budget controversy between the Tories and the Liberals that dealt with new social reforms. George was on the side of the Liberals (House of Commons) and wanted to push through the reforms. The result was the Parliament Bill of 1911.
During World War I George and his wife made several visits to the front where George`s pelvis was injured.
During the worldwide depression of 1929 - 1931 lead the king to try to unite the three leading political parties into a coalition parliament.
Under his reign there were also numerous changes in the Empire. After the establishment of the independent Irish Parliament in 1918 the Government of Ireland Act of 1920 divided Ireland along religious lines. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa also claimed self-governance and so the British Commonwealth of Nations was created by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The India Act in 1935 granted India a kind of self-determination.
There was also big change in the manner of monarchy under George. In contrast to his ancestors he drew upon diligence, dignity and duty and transformed the monarchy from a institution of constitutional legality to a "bulwark of traditions, values and customs", especially concerning the family.
George V was not the kind of intellectual king but rather like most of his subjects and he gave the following kings and queens the role of a representative.

'''Literature'''

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon60.html

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/George_V_of_Britain

http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101033369/

War of Spanish Succession

2010-01-25T16:44:03Z

Larry: /* Literature */

After the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] (today: Rijswijk) was signed in 1697 the question of the Spanish succession was at its height. France, England, Holland and Spain, the most powerful states of the time, were the protagonists of this diplomatic conflict. The issue demanded a political solution. Whoever became the successor of [[Carlos II]] of Spain would change the political balance in Europe. While Spain acted just passive the big powers of Europe tried to install themselves as successors of the [[Habsburg]]s. The French and the Austrians insisted on their dynastic relation with the Spanish empire. But England and Holland did not wish France or Austria to get the full succession and tried to divide the power. But after the death of the principal heir of Bavaria in 1699 Carlos decided in his testament the indivisibilty of his empire and selected [[Philipp of Anjou]] to succeed him. Philipp was a grandson of [[Louis XIV]] and his Spanish wife [[Maria Teresa]]. With this decision Carlos II excluded Austria and helped France to become predominant in Europe. That was the beginning of a big international conflict.

In 1700 Philipp became King [[Philipp V]] of Spain. Louis XIV then saw the chance to unite France and Spain and to gain more power at sea. Philipp V transfered the profitable trading privileges for Middle and South America to Louis and opened Spanish harbours in Europe and overseas. Those decisions were extremely against the interests of England and Holland. To restore the political balance in Europe [[William III]] united the two sea powers with Austria in an alliance against France.

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) involved nearly whole Middle, West and South Europe. Under the reign of [[Anne I|Queen Anne]], [[John Churchill]] (Duke of Marlborough) continued the statesmanlike manner of William III who died in 1702.
France became too weak to defend its union with Spain and in 1709/1710 it offered peace twice. Louis XIV would also sacrifice the Spanish succession and Alsace. But the negotiations failed because the Allies demanded too much. This changed with the downfall of the [[Whigs]] in 1710 and the death of [[Joseph I]] and resulted in the acceptance of France`s offerings. The [[Tories]] were not interested in war anymore and started negotiations with France in 1711 to furthermore avoid the union of Spain and Austria. The result was the [[Peace of Utrecht]] in 1713/1714.

== '''Literature''' ==

Elze, R./ Repgen, K..''Studienbuch Geschichte.'' Stuttgart: Klett. 1974. pp. 590-592.

Maurer, Michael. ''Kleine Geschichte Englands.'' Bonn: Reclam. 2007. pp. 233-241.

War of Spanish Succession

2010-01-24T20:41:52Z

Larry:

After the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] (today: Rijswijk) was signed in 1697 the question of the Spanish succession was at its height. France, England, Holland and Spain, the most powerful states of the time, were the protagonists of this diplomatic conflict. The issue demanded a political solution. Whoever became the successor of [[Charles II.]] of Spain would change the political balance in Europe. While Spain acted just passive the big powers of Europe tried to install themselves as successors of the [[Habsburg]]s. The French and the Austrians insisted on their dynastic relation with the Spanish empire. But England and Holland did not wish France or Austria to get the full succession and tried to divide the power. But after the death of the principle heir of Bavaria in 1699 Charles decided in his testament the indivisibilty of his empire and selected [[Philipp of Anjou]] to succeed him. Philipp was a grandson of [[Louis XIV.]] and his Spanish wife [[Maria Teresa]]. With this decision Charles II. excluded Austria and helped France to become predominant in Europe. That was the beginning of a big international conflict.

In 1700 Philipp became King [[Philipp V.]] of Spain. Louis XIV. then saw the chance to unite France and Spain and to gain more power at sea. Philipp V. transfered the profitable trading privileges for Middle and South America to Louis and opened Spanish harbours in Europe and overseas. Those decisions were extremely against the interests of England and Holland. To restore the political balance in Europe [[William III.]] united the two sea powers with Austria in an alliance against France.

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) involved nearly whole Middle, West and South Europe. Under the reign of [[Queen Ann]], [[John Churchill]] (Lord of Marlborough) continued the statesmanlike manner of William III. who died in 1702.
France became to weak to defend his union with Spain and in 1709/1710 it offered peace two times. Louis XIV. would also sacrifice the Spanish succession and Alsace. But the negotiations failed because the Allies demanded too much. This changed with the bring down of the [[Whigs]] in 1710 and the death of [[Joseph I.]] and resulted in the acceptance of France`s offerings. The [[Tories]] were not interested in war anymore and started negotiations with France in 1711 to furthermore avoid the union of Spain and Austria. The result was the [[Peace of Utrecht]] in 1713/1714.

== '''Literature''' ==

Elze, R./ Repgen, K..''Studienbuch Geschichte.'' Stuttgart. 1974. pp. 590-592.

Maurer, Michael. ''Kleine Geschichte Englands.'' Bonn. 2007. pp. 233-241.

War of Spanish Succession

2010-01-24T20:37:12Z

Larry: /* Background */

After the Treaty of Ryswick (today: Rijswijk) was signed in 1697 the question of the Spanish succession was at its height. France, England, Holland and Spain, the most powerful states of the time, were the protagonists of this diplomatic conflict. The issue demanded a political solution. Whoever became the successor of Charles II. of Spain would change the political balance in Europe. While Spain acted just passive the big powers of Europe tried to install themselves as successors of the Habsburgs. The French and the Austrians insisted on their dynastic relation with the Spanish empire. But England and Holland did not wish France or Austria to get the full succession and tried to divide the power. But after the death of the principle heir of Bavaria in 1699 Charles decided in his testament the indivisibilty of his empire and selected Philipp of Anjou to succeed him. Philipp was a grandson of Louis XIV. and his Spanish wife Maria Teresa. With this decision Charles II. excluded Austria and helped France to become predominant in Europe. That was the beginning of a big international conflict.
In 1700 Philipp became King Philipp V. of Spain. Louis XIV. then saw the chance to unite France and Spain and to gain more power at sea. Philipp V. transfered the profitable trading privileges for Middle and South America to Louis and opened Spanish harbours in Europe and overseas. Those decisions were extremely against the interests of England and Holland. To restore the political balance in Europe William III. united the two sea powers with Austria in an alliance against France.
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) involved nearly whole Middle, West and South Europe. Under the reign of Quenn Ann, John Churchill (Lord of Marlborough) continued the statesmanlike manner of William III. who died in 1702.
France became to weak to defend his union with Spain and in 1709/1710 it offered peace two times. LouisXIV. would also sacrifice the Spanish succession and Alsace. But the negotiations failed because the Allies demanded too much. This changed with the bring down of the Whigs in 1710 and the death of Joseph I. and resulted in the acceptance of France`s offerings. The Tories were not interested in war anymore and started negotiations with France in 1711 to furthermore avoid the union of Spain and Austria. The result was the Peace of Utrecht in 1713/1714.
'''
Literature'''
Elze, R./ Repgen, K..''Studienbuch Geschichte.'' Stuttgart. 1974. pp. 590-592.
Maurer, Michael. ''Kleine Geschichte Englands.'' Bonn. 2007. pp. 233-241.

War of Spanish Succession

2010-01-24T20:24:34Z

Larry: /* Background */

Treaty of Paris

2009-12-13T21:16:12Z

Larry: /* The Treaty of Paris (1783) */

== '''The Treaty of Paris (1783)''' ==

The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American [[War of Independence]] between [[Great Britain]] and their thirteen colonies in North-America. It was signed on September 3rd, 1783. There have also been other treaties with France and Spain that are known under the name [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783. Furthermore there are several other contracts that are known as Treaty of Paris.

The treaty had following conditions:

-The acceptance of the thirteen colonies as the independent United States of America.

-The localization of the boarders between the United States and British North-America.

-Fishing authorization for US-American fisher in the Grand Banks at the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

-The acceptance of the duty to pay valid dues on both sides.

-The Congress of the US recommends the legislative to help British citizens who were legal owners of confiscated land, to payback all estates, rights and possession.

-The US-Congress will avoid further confiscations.

-Every prisoner of war will be released and the equipment that has been left behind (including Negro [[slave]]s) will not be damaged.

-Great Britain and the United States have everlasting access to the Mississippi River.

-Territories that have been occupied by the US after the signing of the treaty will be given back without compensation.

-The treaty has to be ratified in six months time after the signing by either party.

The treaty had been signed by David Harley (member of the British parliament), John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay. The American Continental Congress ratified the treaty on January 14th, 1784. Britain`s ratification followed on April 9th. Both ratifications had been finally exchanged on May 12th in 1784.

----

'''Literature'''

''Paris Peace Treaty of 1783.'' 13 Dec. 2009. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/paris/peace-treaty-1.html>

''Treaty of Paris, 1783.'' 13 Dec. 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm>

''Treaty of Paris'' (1783). 13 Dec. 2009 <http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281783%29>

Treaty of Paris

2009-12-13T21:12:02Z

Larry:

== '''The Treaty of Paris (1783)''' ==

The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American [[War of Independence]] between Great Britain and their thirteen colonies in North-America. It was signed on September 3rd, 1783. There have also been other treatises with France and Spain that are known under the name [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783. Furthermore there are several other contracts that are known as Treaty of Paris.

The treaty had following conditions:

-The acceptance of the thirteen colonies as the independent United States of America.

-The localization of the boarders between the United States and British North-America.

-Fishing authorization for US-American fisher in the Grand Banks at the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

-The acceptance of the duty to pay valid dues on both sides.

-The Congress of the US recommends the legislative to help British citizens who were legal owners of confiscated land, to payback all estates, rights and possession.

-The US-Congress will avoid further confiscations.

-Every prisoner of war will be released and the equipment that has been left behind (including Negro slaves) will not be damaged.

-Great Britain and the United States have everlasting access to the Mississippi River.

-Territories that have been occupied by the US after the signing of the treaty will be given back without compensation.

-The treaty has to be ratified in six months time after the signing by either party.

The treaty had been signed by David Harley (member of the British parliament), John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay. The American Continental Congress ratified the treaty on January 14th, 1784. Britain`s ratification followed on April 9th. Both ratifications had been finally exchanged on May 12th in 1784.

----

'''Literature'''

''Paris Peace Treaty of 1783.'' 13 Dec. 2009. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/paris/peace-treaty-1.html>

''Treaty of Paris, 1783.'' 13 Dec. 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm>

''Treaty of Paris'' (1783). 13 Dec. 2009 <http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281783%29>

Treaty of Paris

2009-12-13T21:10:39Z

Larry: moved User:Larry to Treaty of Paris: mistake

== '''The Treaty of Paris (1783)''' ==

The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American [[War of Independence]] between Great Britain and their thirteen colonies in North-America. It was signed on September 3rd, 1783. There have also been other treatises with France and Spain that are known under the name [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783. Furthermore there are several other contracts that are known as Treaty of Paris.

The treaty had following conditions:

-The acceptance of the thirteen colonies as the independent United States of America.

-The localization of the boarders between the United States and British North-America.

-Fishing authorization for US-American fisher in the Grand Banks at the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

-The acceptance of the duty to pay valid dues on both sides.

-The Congress of the US recommends the legislative to help British citizens who were legal owners of confiscated land, to payback all estates, rights and possession.

-The US-Congress will avoid further confiscations.

-Every prisoner of war will be released and the equipment that has been left behind (including Negro slaves) will not be damaged.

-Great Britain and the United States have everlasting access to the Mississippi River.

-Territories that have been occupied by the US after the signing of the treaty will be given back without compensation.

-The treaty has to be ratified in six months time after the signing by either party.

The treaty had been signed by David Harley (member of the British parliament), John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay. The American Continental Congress ratified the treaty on January 14th, 1784. Britain`s ratification followed on April 9th. Both ratifications had been finally exchanged on May 12th in 1784.

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'''Literature'''

Paris Peace Treaty of 1783. 13 Dec. 2009. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/paris/peace-treaty-1.html>

Treaty of Paris, 1783. 13 Dec. 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm>

Treaty of Paris (1783). 13 Dec. 2009 <http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281783%29>

Treaty of Paris

2009-12-13T15:53:43Z

Larry: Created page with '== '''The Treaty of Paris (1783)''' == The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American War of Independence between Great Britain and their thirteen colonies in North-Amer…'

== '''The Treaty of Paris (1783)''' ==

The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American [[War of Independence]] between Great Britain and their thirteen colonies in North-America. It was signed on September 3rd, 1783. There have also been other treatises with France and Spain that are known under the name [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1783. Furthermore there are several other contracts that are known as Treaty of Paris.

The treaty had following conditions:

-The acceptance of the thirteen colonies as the independent United States of America.

-The localization of the boarders between the United States and British North-America.

-Fishing authorization for US-American fisher in the Grand Banks at the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

-The acceptance of the duty to pay valid dues on both sides.

-The Congress of the US recommends the legislative to help British citizens who were legal owners of confiscated land, to payback all estates, rights and possession.

-The US-Congress will avoid further confiscations.

-Every prisoner of war will be released and the equipment that has been left behind (including Negro slaves) will not be damaged.

-Great Britain and the United States have everlasting access to the Mississippi River.

-Territories that have been occupied by the US after the signing of the treaty will be given back without compensation.

-The treaty has to be ratified in six months time after the signing by either party.

The treaty had been signed by David Harley (member of the British parliament), John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and John Jay. The American Continental Congress ratified the treaty on January 14th, 1784. Britain`s ratification followed on April 9th. Both ratifications had been finally exchanged on May 12th in 1784.

----

'''Literature'''

Paris Peace Treaty of 1783. 13 Dec. 2009. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/paris/peace-treaty-1.html>

Treaty of Paris, 1783. 13 Dec. 2009 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm>

Treaty of Paris (1783). 13 Dec. 2009 <http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281783%29>