British Culture - User contributions [en]

Joseph Addison

2010-01-07T17:21:32Z

Lady Bracknell:

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the Kit-Kat Club. Famous for his collaborations with Richard Steele on the moral weeklies ''The Tatler'' and ''The Spectator''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the Charterhouse in London, where he met Richard Steele. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of Latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he traveled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour. [was this before or after the start of his literary career?]

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against Popery and arbitrary power [what does this mean concretely?]. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous Kit-Kat Club, to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged. [but: [[John Vanbrugh|not only]]]

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success of his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706. [why? who promoted him?]

When Richard Steele started ''The Tatler'' in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, ''The Spectator'', and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays were admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play ''Cato''. [when first performed? what were these phrases? why were Whigs and Tories equally attracted?]

Addison published ''The Freeholder'', which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles. [when? what are orthodox Whig principles?]

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to coffee houses more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work [title? date of publication?] was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend Steele [why?]. On June 17th 1719 he died of asthma and dropsy.

== Sources ==

Joseph Addison, in: The Dictionary of National Biography. Volume I Abbadie-Beaden. Oxford University Press, 122-131.

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:49:03Z

Lady Bracknell:

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the Kit-Kat Club. Famous for his collaborations with Richard Steele on the moral weeklies ''The Tatler'' and ''The Spectator''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the charterhouse in London, where he met Richard Steele. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he travelled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour.

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against popery and arbitrary power. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous Kit-Kat Club, to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged.

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success o his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706.

When Steele started "The Tatler" in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, "The Spectator", and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays were admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play "Cato".

Addison published "The Freeholder", which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles.

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to coffee houses more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend Steele. On June 17th 1719 he died of athma and dropsy.

== Sources ==

Joseph Addison, 122-131.

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:48:35Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Sources */

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the [[Kit-Kat Club]]. Famous for his collaborations with [[Richard Steele]] on the moral weeklies ''[[The Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator]]''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the charterhouse in London, where he met Richard Steele. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he travelled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour.

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against popery and arbitrary power. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous Kit-Kat Club, to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged.

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success o his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706.

When Steele started "The Tatler" in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, "The Spectator", and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays were admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play "Cato".

Addison published "The Freeholder", which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles.

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to coffee houses more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend Steele. On June 17th 1719 he died of athma and dropsy.

== Sources ==

Joseph Addison, 122-131.

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:43:33Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life and work */

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:42:57Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life and work */

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the [[Kit-Kat Club]]. Famous for his collaborations with [[Richard Steele]] on the moral weeklies ''[[The Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator]]''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the charterhouse in London, where he met Richard Steele. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he travelled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour.

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against popery and arbitrary power. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous Kit-Kat Club, to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged.

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success o his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706.

When Steele started "The Tatler" in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, "The Spectator", and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays were admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play "Cato".

Addison published "The Freeholder", which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles.

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to [[coffee houses]] more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend [[Steele]]. On June 17th 1719 he died of athma and dropsy.

== Sources ==

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:37:15Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life and work */

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the [[Kit-Kat Club]]. Famous for his collaborations with [[Richard Steele]] on the moral weeklies ''[[The Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator]]''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the charterhouse in London, where he met Richard Steele. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he travelled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour.

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against popery and arbitrary power. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous Kit-Kat Club, to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged.

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success o his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706.

When Steele started "The Tatler" in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, "The Spectator", and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays wre admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play "Cato".

Addison published "The Freeholder", which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles.

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to [[coffee houses]] more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend [[Steele]]. On June 17th 1719 he died of athma and dropsy.

Joseph Addison

2009-12-28T14:36:01Z

Lady Bracknell:

1672-1719. Scholar, politician, dramatist/poet, journalist/essayist and member of the [[Kit-Kat Club]]. Famous for his collaborations with [[Richard Steele]] on the moral weeklies ''[[The Tatler]]'' and ''[[The Spectator]]''.

== Life and work ==

Addison was part of the charterhouse in London, where he met [[Richard Steele]]. He taught pupils and was admired by them for his elegant scholarship and his knowledge of latin poetry. His classical reputation soon extended to the literary circles of London, where he was taking a place amongst professional authors. Addison also translated texts.

Between 1699 and 1703, he travelled a lot in the course of his Grand Tour.

Addison turned from poetry to point a moral against popery and arbitrary power. In 1699, Addison became a member of the famous [[Kit-Kat Club]], to which all the great [[Whigs]] belonged.

His publication of "Remarks on several parts of Italy" in 1705 became so popular that it rose to 5 times the original price. The success o his poem "Campaign" was rewarded by a further promotion to an under-secretaryship of state in 1706.

When Steele started "[[The Tatler]]" in 1709, Addison was not involved in it, but after a while he frequently contributed important papers. Steele founded another journal, "[[The Spectator]]", and general opinion was that Addison was the main reason for the success. Addison's essays wre admired by all the critics of the 18th century. He wrote in a humorous, critical or serious style and touched upon the various follies of the day. Addison achieved that general attention was paid to a then despised branch of literature.

[[Whigs]] and [[Tories]] were not only united in admiring Addison, but were equally anxious to claim a right to his phrases about liberty in the play "Cato".

Addison published "The Freeholder", which was a political "Spectator" in defence of orthodox whig principles.

In 1716, he married the Countess of Warwick, but lead an unhappy marriage, so he went to [[coffee houses]] more often. Addison's health was getting worse and his last published work was of a different character that brought him into conflict with his old friend [[Steele]]. On June 17th 1719 he died of athma and dropsy.

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T17:27:58Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Sources */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
When Louis XIV made peace with Britain in 1713, James was forced to leave France settled eventually in Rome.
In 1714, his half-sister Queen Anne and left no heir to the throne. Due to the Act of Settlement, James Francis Edward could not become the next king of England. [[George I]], the protestant elector of Hanover, became king instead.
Both of James Francis Edward's attempts to win back his inheritance did not work out.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== Sources ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T17:27:16Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
When Louis XIV made peace with Britain in 1713, James was forced to leave France settled eventually in Rome.
In 1714, his half-sister Queen Anne and left no heir to the throne. Due to the Act of Settlement, James Francis Edward could not become the next king of England. [[George I]], the protestant elector of Hanover, became king instead.
Both of James Francis Edward's attempts to win back his inheritance did not work out.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T17:27:03Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
When Louis XIV made peace with Britain in 1713, James was forced to leave France settled eventually in Rome.
In 1714, his half-sister Queen [[Anne]] and left no heir to the throne. Due to the Act of Settlement, James Francis Edward could not become the next king of England. [[George I]], the protestant elector of Hanover, became king instead.
Both of James Francis Edward's attempts to win back his inheritance did not work out.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T17:26:35Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
When Louis XIV made peace with Britain in 1713, James was forced to leave France settled eventually in Rome.
In 1714, his half-sister [[Queen Anne]] and left no heir to the throne. Due to the Act of Settlement, James Francis Edward could not become the next king of England. [[George I]], the protestant elector of Hanover, became king instead.
Both of James Francis Edward's attempts to win back his inheritance did not work out.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T17:02:29Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Sources */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile in 1688. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the Jacobite movement. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

- http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/TwoPretenders.htm (09.11.09)

-http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheJacobiteClaimants/PrinceJamesFrancisEdward.aspx (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T16:59:29Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile in 1688. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the Jacobite movement. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

- http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/TwoPretenders.htm

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T16:58:58Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Sources */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the Jacobite movement. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

- http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/TwoPretenders.htm

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T16:57:06Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the Jacobite movement. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T16:56:47Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Life */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters also called him James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in the catholic faith. Due to his gender and the laws of primogeniture, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British people feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they invited his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] to England in the [[Glorious Revolution]].
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobite]] movement. When James II died in September 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young Pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the Cardinal Duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)

- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)

- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T15:06:57Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Sources */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters called him also James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in catholic faith. Due to his gender, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British People feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they forced James II to install his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] as successor to the throne.
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live peacefully in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightfull heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in september 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the cardinal duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

- http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)
- http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T15:06:33Z

Lady Bracknell: /* Descendants */

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters called him also James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in catholic faith. Due to his gender, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British People feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they forced James II to install his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] as successor to the throne.
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live peacefully in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightfull heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in september 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the cardinal duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-09T15:05:46Z

Lady Bracknell:

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as The Old Pretender, was born on 10th June, 1688 in London and died on 1st January, 1766 in Rome. He was the claimant to the English and Scottish throne. Supporters called him also James III of England and James VIII Scotland.

== Life ==

He was the son of King [[James II]] of England and his catholic second wife, Mary of Modena. From his first marriage, James II had protestant daughters, but James Francis Edward Stuart was raised in catholic faith. Due to his gender, he would replace his sisters in succession. The British People feared a catholic heir to the throne, so they forced James II to install his son-in-law [[William of Orange]] as successor to the throne.
James II took his wife and his infant son to France to live peacefully in exile. King [[Louis XIV]] of France regarded James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightfull heir apparent. James Francis Edward became the focus for the [[Jacobite movement]]. When James II died in september 1701, his son was declared King by Louis XIV. He was named James III of England and VIII of Scotland.

== Descendants ==

James Francis Edward married Maria Clementina Sobieski, a Polish Princess and the grand-daughter of John III, in 1719. One reason was to produce an heir to the Jacobites. They had two sons, Charles Edward Stuart (1720–1788) and Henry Benedict Stuart (1725–1807). Charles Edward became known as The Young pretender or [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]], who triggered one last, idle Jacobite rebellion in Britain in 1745. Henry Benedict became the cardinal duke of York.

== [[Sources]] ==

http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_10.htm (09.11.09)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300074/James-Edward-the-Old-Pretender (09.11.09)
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/james-francis-edward-stuart/ (09.11.09)

James Francis Edward Stuart

2009-11-03T10:30:18Z

Lady Bracknell: Created page with '{{working|Lady Bracknell}}'

Robert Walpole

2009-10-25T12:44:25Z

Lady Bracknell:

=='''Robert Walpole''' ==

Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1676-1745) was the first Prime Minister in England from 1721 to 1742.

----
=='''Childhood and early years''' ==

Robert Walpole was born in North Norfolk as the the third son of nineteen children. His father was supporting the [[Whigs]] in [[William III]]'s parliament. Due to the early death of his father and his older brothers, Robert Walpole became the head of the family. He was educated at Eton and at King's, but his main interest were politics. In 1700 he married Catherine Shorter. Both shared an flamboyant taste and way of life.

----

=='''Political career''' ==

His political career started in 1701, when he entered parliament. He soon became the leader of the Norfolk members. Through his brother-in-law and friend Lord Townshend, he came into the Whig society. In 1705 he became a member of Prince Georges's naval council and the Secretary of War in 1708, follwed by the position of the Treasurer of the Navy in 1710.

The victory of the Tories in 1720 lead to a downfall of Walpole. He was accused of corruption and therefore sent to prison or a short time. Walpoles position in the Whig's society got only stronger. He was announced first Paymaster in 1714 and First Lord of Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer only one year later in 1715. This gave him the oportunity to expand his private fortune as he never made a distinction between private and public money. But Walpole's financial sense also lead to good developments like the redemption of debts and the consolidation of rates of interest. After Townshend's run of misfortunes, Walpole joined the opposition together with his friend.

Walpole was First Lord of the Treasury (the term 'Prime Minister' was asserted later) from 1721 to 1742, which gave him control over Parliament. This office came into being due to the Crown's retreat from constitutional initiatives and was supported by the inabilty of [[George I]] and [[George II]]. His tenure was crucial.
Walpole was driven by the pursuit of power, he was not committed to any programme. He valued stabilty in politics. For this reason, he manipulated the patronage of the Crown, bribed, did jobbery and got rid of rivals.

He fell from power in 1742 after a long struggle to remain power since the outbreak o the war in 1739.

== '''Literature''' ==
Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Reclam: Stuttgart 2007.

Treasure, Geoffrey. Who's who in history. Volume IV: England 1714-1789. Basil Blackwell: Oxford 1969.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/635013/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford

Robert Walpole

2009-10-22T14:50:31Z

Lady Bracknell: Created page with '{{working|Lady Bracknell}}'