British Culture - User contributions [en]

First Anglo-Afghan War

2011-01-26T16:26:28Z

Koheshlr:

One of totaling three major wars between Great Britain and Afghanistan. The initial two of them were fought in the 19th century (1839-1842; 1878-1880), the final one in the twentieth century (1919), only one year after the end of World War I.

The First Anglo-Afghan War was the first major war during the so called "Great Game", which was the competition for power and influence in Central Asia between the United Kingdom and Russia in the 19th century.

The principal cause of the war was Britain's fear of Russia to invade India (the Russian Empire had expanded towards the British part of India).
Consequently, the British invaded Afghanistan, a neighboring country of India in order to form an alliance with Afghanistan against Russia. Dost Mohammad, who was Afghanistan's King at that time agreed to the alliance but demanded something in return, namely getting Peshawar back, an Afghan province they had lost to India.
When Britain refused to help Dost Mohammad started negotiating with Russia, which made Lord Auckland, India's Governor-General assume Afghanistan was against Britain.
However, when the Afghan-Russian negotiations failed, Russia formed an alliance with Persia since both powers were interested in getting parts of Afghanistan for different reasons.

Lord Auckland then intended to appoint a new, pro-British ruler in Afghanistan to replace Mohammad.
In order to vindicate this intention he issued the so-called Simla Manifesto (1838), which stated the alleged arguments for Britain to intervene in Afghanistan. The prime argument of the manifesto was the supposed fact that India needed to have a confidable ally on India's western frontier.

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'''Sources:'''

Barfield, Thomas. ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History''. New Jersey. Princeton University Press. [2010].

David, Saul. ''Victoria's Wars''. London. Penguin Books, 2007.

Thomas Hardy

2011-01-26T16:24:30Z

Koheshlr:

2 June 1840 (Stinsford)-11 January 1928. English novelist and poet. His works principally belong to the period of Naturalism. Although he considered himself a poet rather than a novelist and tried to focus his professional career on writing poems, novels such as ''The Woodlanders'' (1887) or ''Far from the Madding Crowd'' (1874) made him significantly more famous. But also his poems like ''The Photograph'' (1890) or ''Wessex Poems and Other Verses'' (1898) were jointly responsible for his fame in the world of 19th- (and 20th-)century authors.

In contrast to his father (Thomas Hardy Sr.), who worked as a stonemason, his mother Jemima was very well-educated and was Thomas Hardy's teacher before he went to school. Since his family could not afford a university education for him Thomas Hardy trained as an architect after the end of his school education at the age of 16.
He even won prizes by prestigious architectural institutes like the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

Thomas Hardy died on 11 January 1928 at the age of 87 after having dictated his final poem to his (second) wife on his deathbed.

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'''Sources:'''

Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. ''The Life of Thomas Hardy.'' New York: Greenberg, 1925.

Langbaum, Robert. ''Thomas Hardy in Our Time.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997

Wilson, Keith. ''Thomas Hardy on Stage'' London: Macmillan, 1995.

Thomas Hardy

2011-01-26T16:22:46Z

Koheshlr:

2 June 1840 (Stinsford)-11 January 1928. English novelist and poet. His works principally belong to the period of Naturalism. Although he considered himself a poet rather than a novelist and tried to focus his professional career on writing poems, novels such as ''The Woodlanders'' (1887) or ''Far from the Madding Crowd'' (1874) made him significantly more famous. But also his poems like "The Photograph" (1890) or "Wessex Poems and Other Verses" (1898) were jointly responsible for his fame in the world of 19th- (and 20th-)century authors.

In contrast to his father (Thomas Hardy Sr.), who worked as a stonemason, his mother Jemima was very well-educated and was Thomas Hardy's teacher before he went to school. Since his family could not afford a university education for him Thomas Hardy trained as an architect after the end of his school education at the age of 16.
He even won prizes by prestigious architectural institutes like the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

Thomas Hardy died on 11 January 1928 at the age of 87 after having dictated his final poem to his (second) wife on his deathbed.

----

'''Sources:'''

Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. ''The Life of Thomas Hardy.'' New York: Greenberg, 1925.

Langbaum, Robert. ''Thomas Hardy in Our Time.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997

Wilson, Keith. ''Thomas Hardy on Stage'' London: Macmillan, 1995.

First Anglo-Afghan War

2011-01-26T16:17:52Z

Koheshlr:

One of totaling three major wars between Great Britain and Afghanistan. The initial two of them were fought in the 19th century (1839-1842; 1878-1880), the final one in the twentieth century (1919), only one year after the end of World War I.

The First Anglo-Afghan War was the first major war during the so called "Great Game", which was the competition for power and influence in Central Asia between the United Kingdom and Russia in the 19th century.

The principal cause of the war was Britain's fear of Russian to invade India (the Russian Empire had expanded towards the British part of India).
Consequently, the British invaded Afghanistan, a neighboring country of India in order to form an alliance with Afghanistan against Russia. Dost Mohammad, who was Afghanistan's King at that time agreed to the alliance but demanded something in return, namely getting Peshawar back, an Afghan province they had lost to India.
When Britain refused to help Dost Mohammad started negotiating with Russia, which made Lord Auckland, India's Governor-General assume Afghanistan was against Britain.
However, when the Afghan-Russian negotiations failed, Russia formed an alliance with Persia since both powers were interested in getting parts of Afghanistan for different reasons.

Lord Auckland then intended to appoint a new, pro-British ruler in Afghanistan to replace Mohammad.
In order to vindicate this intention he issued the so-called Simla Manifesto (1838), which stated the alleged arguments for Britain to intervene in Afghanistan. The prime argument of the manifesto was the supposed fact that India needed to have a confidable ally on India's western frontier.

----

'''Sources:'''

Barfield, Thomas. ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History''. New Jersey. Princeton University Press. [2010].

David, Saul. ''Victoria's Wars''. London. Penguin Books, 2007.

First Anglo-Afghan War

2011-01-26T16:17:17Z

Koheshlr:

One of totaling three major wars between Great Britain and Afghanistan. The initial two of them were fought in the 19th century (1839-1842; 1878-1880), the final one in the twentieth century (1919), only one year after the end of World War I.

The First Anglo-Afghan War was the first major war during the so called "Great Game", which was the competition for power and influence in Central Asia between the United Kingdom and Russia in the 19th century.

The principal cause of the war was Britain's fear of Russian to invade India (the Russian Empire had expanded towards the British part of India).
Consequently, the British invaded Afghanistan, a neighboring country of India in order to form an alliance with Afghanistan against Russia. Dost Mohammad, who was Afghanistan's King at that time agreed to the alliance but demanded something in return, namely getting Peshawar back, an Afghan province they had lost to India.
When Britain refused to help Dost Mohammad started negotiating with Russia, which made Lord Auckland, India's Governor-General assume Afghanistan was against Britain.
However, when the Afghan-Russian negotiations failed, Russia formed an alliance with Persia since both powers were interested in getting parts of Afghanistan for different reasons.

Lord Auckland then intended to appoint a new, pro-British ruler in Afghanistan to replace Mohammad.
In order to vindicate this intention he issued the so-called Simla Manifesto (1838), which stated the alleged arguments for Britain to intervene in Afghanistan. The prime argument of the manifesto was the supposed fact that India needed to have a confidable ally on India's western frontier.

----

'''Sources:'''

Barfield, Thomas. ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History'' New Jersey, Princeton University Press. [2010].

David, Saul. ''Victoria's Wars'' London Penguin Books, 2007.

Thomas Hardy

2011-01-25T20:55:45Z

Koheshlr: Created page with 'Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet who was born on 2 June, 1840 in Stinsford, England. His works principally belong to the period of Naturalism. Hardy was a very fam…'

Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet who was born on 2 June,
1840 in Stinsford, England.

His works principally belong to the period of Naturalism.
Hardy was a very famous author and was so talented that
his works contain all three literary genres.
Among others he wrote novels, short stories, poems and more.

Altough he considered himself a poet rather than a novelist and tried to focus his professional carrer on writing poems, his novels made him significantly more famous.

Works like "The Woodlanders" or "Far from the Madding Crowd" are still very famous in the Anglo-speaking community.

But also his poems like "The Photograph" (1890)or "Wessex Poems and Other Verses" (1898) were jointly responsible for his fame in the world of 19th (and 20th) century authors.

In contrast to his father (Thomas Hardy Sr.), who worked as a stonemason, his mother Jemima was very well educated and was Thomas teacher before he went to school.

Hardy was not only talented concerning literature.
Since his family could not afford a university education for him Thomas Hardy trained as an architect after the end of his school education at the age of 16.
He even won prizes by prestigious architectural institutes like Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

Thomas Hardy died on 11 January 1928 at the age of 87 after having dictated his final poem to his (second) wife on his deathbed.

----

'''Sources:'''

Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. ''The Life of Thomas Hardy.'' New York: Greenberg, 1925.

Langbaum, Robert. ''Thomas Hardy in Our Time.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997

Wilson, Keith. ''Thomas Hardy on Stage'' London: Macmillan, 1995.

First Anglo-Afghan War

2011-01-25T19:46:11Z

Koheshlr: Created page with 'The First Anglo-Afghan War was one of totaling three Major wars between Great Britain and Afghanistan. The initial two of them were fought in the 19th Century (1839-1842; 1878-18…'

The First Anglo-Afghan War was one of totaling three Major wars between Great Britain and Afghanistan.
The initial two of them were fought in the 19th Century (1839-1842; 1878-1880), the final one in the twentieth century (1919), only one year after the end of World War I .

The First Anglo-Afghan War was the first major war during the so called "Great Game", which was the competition for power and influence in Central Asia between the United Kingdom and Russia in the 19th century.

The principal cause of the war was Britain's fear of Russian to invade India (the Russian Empire had expanded towards the British part of India).
Consequently, the British invaded Afghanistan, a neighboring country of India in order to form an alliance with Afghanistan against Russia. Dost Mohammad, who was Afghanistan's King at that time agreed to the alliance but demanded something in return, namely getting Peshawar back, an Afghan province they had lost to India.
When Britain refused to help Dost Mohammad started negotiating with Russia, which made Lord Auckland, India's Governer-General assume Afghanistan was against Britain.
However, when the Afghan-Russian negotiations failed, Russia formed an alliance with Persia since both powers were interested in getting parts of Afghanistan for different reasons.

Lord Auckland then intended to appoint a new, pro-British ruler in Afghanistan to replace Mohammad.
In order to vindicate this intention he issued the so called Simla Manifesto (1838), which stated the alleged arguments for Britain to intervene in Afghanistan. The prime argument of the manifesto was the supposed fact that India needed to have a confidable ally on India's western frontier.

----

'''Sources:'''

Barfield, Thomas (2010). ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History'' Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0691145687, 9780691145686. http://books.google.com/books?id=fqRFCkpTdUcC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-08-22

David, Saul. ''Victoria's Wars'' 2007 Penguin Books p.17