British Culture - User contributions [en]

Tristan Tzara

2012-01-17T19:50:29Z

Katharsis:

Born as Samuel Rosenstock in Moinesti, Romania in 1896, died in Paris in 1963.
Poet and essayist, known as a founder of Dada.

Tristan Tzara came from Paris to Zurich in 1914 and enrolled at the local university in order
to study maths.
After the foundation of the Cabaret Voltaire, he became the driving force
behind dadaism.

First he performed french verses by Verlaine, Apollinaire and Mallarmé,
later also his own poems in German or French. Moreover he used to improvise poems on stage.
In that time he wrote the first Dada texts as well as the manifestos of the movement.

At the beginning of 1920 Tzara left Zurich and settled in Paris again. In the following
years he joined activities of Surrealism and was in favor of the reconciliation of
Surrealism and Marxism. In 1937 he joined the French Communist Party and stayed a member
until 1956.

In contrast to his works of Dada, his later works reflect maturity in the difficult language, as well as the theme of the tragedy of the human condition.

'''Works''':

The First Heavenly Adventure of Mr. Antipyrine (1916)

Twenty-Five Poems (1918)

Seven Dada Manifestos (1924)

The Approximate Man (1931)

Speaking Alone (1950)

The Inner Face (1953)

'''Sources''':

"Tristan Tzara - Biography, DADAism & Poetry". ''The Art History Archive''. http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/dada/Tristan-Tzara.html

"Tristan Tzara". ''Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Virtuelle Ausstellungen''. http://www.zb.uzh.ch/ausstellungen/exponat/007979/

Tristan Tzara

2012-01-17T19:46:46Z

Katharsis:

Born as Samuel Rosenstock in Moinesti, Romania in 1896, died in Paris in 1963.
Poet and essayist, known as a founder of Dada.

Tristan Tzara came from Paris to Zurich in 1914 and enrolled at the local university in order
to study maths.
After the foundation of the Cabaret Voltaire he became the driving force
behind dadaism.

First he performed french verses by Verlaine, Apollinaire and Mallarmé,
later also his own poems in German or French. Moreover he used to improvise poems on stage.
In that time he wrote the first Dada texts as well as the manifestos of the movement.

At the beginning of 1920 Tzara left Zurich and settled in Paris again. In the following
years he joined activities of Surrealism and was in favor of the reconciliation of
Surrealism and Marxism. In 1937 he joined the French Communist Party and stayed a member
until 1956.

In contrast to his works of Dada, his later works reflect maturity in the difficult language.

'''Works''':

The First Heavenly Adventure of Mr. Antipyrine (1916)

Twenty-Five Poems (1918)

Seven Dada Manifestos (1924)

The Approximate Man (1931)

Speaking Alone (1950)

The Inner Face (1953)

'''Sources''':

"Tristan Tzara - Biography, DADAism & Poetry". ''The Art History Archive''. http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/dada/Tristan-Tzara.html

"Tristan Tzara". ''Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Virtuelle Ausstellungen''. http://www.zb.uzh.ch/ausstellungen/exponat/007979/

Tristan Tzara

2012-01-17T19:44:59Z

Katharsis:

Born as Samuel Rosenstock in Moinesti, Romania in 1896, died in Paris in 1963.
Poet and essayist, known as a founder of Dada.

Tristan Tzara came from Paris to Zurich in 1914 and enrolled at the local university in order
to study maths.
After the foundation of the Cabaret Voltaire he became the driving force
behind dadaism.

First he performed french verses by Verlaine, Apollinaire and Mallarmé,
later also his own poems in German or French. Moreover he used to improvise poems on stage.
In that time he wrote the first Dada texts as well as the manifestos of the movement.

At the beginning of 1920 Tzara left Zurich and settled in Paris again. In the following
years he joined activities of Surrealism and was in favor of the reconciliation of
Surrealism and Marxism. In 1937 he joined the French Communist Party and stayed a member
until 1956.

His later works reflect maturity in the used language.

'''Works''':

The First Heavenly Adventure of Mr. Antipyrine (1916)

Twenty-Five Poems (1918)

Seven Dada Manifestos (1924)

The Approximate Man (1931)

Speaking Alone (1950)

The Inner Face (1953)

'''Sources''':

"Tristan Tzara - Biography, DADAism & Poetry". ''The Art History Archive''. http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/dada/Tristan-Tzara.html

"Tristan Tzara". ''Zentralbibliothek Zürich - Virtuelle Ausstellungen''. http://www.zb.uzh.ch/ausstellungen/exponat/007979/

IRA

2011-12-06T20:51:13Z

Katharsis:

'''IRA'''

Irish Republican Army. Founded in 1919, term first used in 1860.

Irish-Republican, paramilitary, to some extent terrorist organisation, that emerged when parts of the Irish
Volunteers (led by Michael Collins) merged with the Irish Citizen Army.

The prohibition of the autonomous Irish parliament with Eamon de Valera as president
on August 22nd 1919 was one of the reasons, that led to the Irish War of Independence.
The IRA fought to end British rule, until a truce was set on July 11th 1921.
On December 6th a delegation including Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins signed the
Anglo-Irish Treaty that established the south of the country as Irish Free State while
Northern Island stayed part of Great Britian.

What followed was a Civil War between supporters and opponents of the Treaty. The vast
majority of the IRA was against the Treaty and answered with various acts of violence
against British politicians. Arthur Griffith, founder of the Sinn Féin party, that had been
in close relations with the IRA, was murdered on August 12th, and Michael Collins on
August 22nd. The IRA had been operating from the underground since the end of the
Civil War.

The IRA then split into a traditionalist and anticapitalist wing. It was the
traditionalist wing that commited various attacks in Ireland. To force Great Britain to
leave Northern Ireland, attacks in Northern Ireland followed.
In 1936 the IRA was declared illegal.

During the Second World War, the IRA tried to cooperate with Germany to weaken Great
Britain. Many members were executed or imprisoned.

It was not until 1967 that the IRA gained new importance, when the conflict in
Northern Ireland got worse. In 1969 the IRA fractured into the Official Irish Republican
Army and the Provisional Irish Republican Army. While the Provisional IRA
wanted to fight for a united Ireland through violent means, the Official IRA pursued a
peaceful strategy.

A date of importance is January 30th 1972, which became known as Bloody Sunday.
The British army shot 14 unarmed protesters in Derry. On March 24th British Prime Minister
Edward Heath suspended the Parliament in Northern Ireland and declared it to be under
direct rule from London again. A truce made with both the Official and Provisional IRA
was broken on July 21st again, when the Provisional IRA killed eleven people in a
bomb attack.

Decades of violent attacks followed, until complete disarming of the IRA was declared on
July 28th 2005. However, splinter groups still operate from the underground and last
attacks were known in Belfast and Craigavon in March 2009.

Sources:

''Irish Republican Army''. The New York Times. 10 March 2009
<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/i/irish_republican_army/index.html>

''Chronik der IRA''. Beatrix von Kalben. 22.01.2010
<http://www.planet-wissen.de/politik_geschichte/verbrechen/ira/ira_chronik.jsp>

''IRA''. irish-net. 2007-2011
<http://irish-net.de/Entdecke-Irland/Nordirland/IRA-Irish-Republican-Army/>