British Culture - User contributions [en]

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T19:57:58Z

Katharinamr: /* Work */

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Life ==
Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was born as the third son of Henry Ernest Wodehouse, a British judge working in Hong Kong, and Eleanor Wodehouse(formerly Deane) while she was visiting Guildforn in Surrey, England. Apart from his two older brothers, Peveril and Armine, Wodehouse also had a much younger brother named Richard.
He spent the first three years of his life with his parents in Hong Kong and then was sent back to England with a nanny and attended various boarding schools. During his early life he barely ever saw his parents, but attended the same schoold as his two older brothers.
From 1886 to 1889 he attended The Chalet School on Croydon. In 1889 he and his two older brothers were sent to Elizabeth College in Guernsey, where he spent two years until it was time to attend his first prep school, Malvern House near Dover. There he spent two years, in which he was very unhappy, but finally was able to persuade his father to change to Dulwich College, where he achieved great academic and athletic success. At Dulwich Wodehouse also came into contact with the performing arts, as he acted leading roles in teatrical and musical productions. These would remain a part of his later life.
After finishing school his father found him a position with the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank in London. Wodehouse himself, however, never desired to be a banker, and already started writing part time while wokring at the bank, before quitting completely in 1902 and starting to work as a writer full-time.
His first work as a journalist was with ''The Globe'', but he also wrote articles for various other magazines, like ''Vanity Fair'' and ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.
In 1909 he managed to sell two of his short stories, after which he resigned from ''The Globe'' and relocated to New York, where we wrote for the ''American Vanity Fair'' and from 1915 on started working on various musical productions.
In 1914 P. G. Wodehouse married Ethey Wayman, who came into the marriage with a daughter from a past relationship. They to never had other children.
From 1914 on Wodehouse and his family split time between England and New York, until relocating to France in 1934. When Germany invaded France, Wodehouse, his wife and daughter were interned and sent to Belguim and later Toszek in Poland, where their daughter died.
After the war Wodehouse relocated to New York permanently and became a U.S. citizen in 1955. He died in New York in 1975 (aged 93) due to a heart attack.

== Work ==
Between 1902 and 1975 Wodehouse wrote 93 books, including novels, collections of short stories ans musical comedies. In addition he worked on and published 15 plays and wrote more than two hundred song lyrics.
He is best known for his humorist story series, most of all the so called "Jeeves books"
His series are:

1) Blandings Castle Series (11 Novels and 9 short stories)

2) Drones Club Stories (25 short stories and some related novels)

3) Golf Stories or Oldest Member Stories (8 short stories)

4) The Jeeves books (35 short stories and 11 novels)

5) Mr Mulliner Series (42 short stories)

6) Psmith Series (4 novels)

7) School Stories

8) Ukridge Series

9) Uncle Fred Stories

And various other novels and short stories not included in any series.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. ''A Bibliography and Reader's Guide to the First Editions of P. G. Wodehouse''. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. ''P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master''. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. ''Wodehouse: A Life''. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. ''P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist'', New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. ''Wodehouse on Wodehouse''. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T19:57:36Z

Katharinamr: /* Work */

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Life ==
Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was born as the third son of Henry Ernest Wodehouse, a British judge working in Hong Kong, and Eleanor Wodehouse(formerly Deane) while she was visiting Guildforn in Surrey, England. Apart from his two older brothers, Peveril and Armine, Wodehouse also had a much younger brother named Richard.
He spent the first three years of his life with his parents in Hong Kong and then was sent back to England with a nanny and attended various boarding schools. During his early life he barely ever saw his parents, but attended the same schoold as his two older brothers.
From 1886 to 1889 he attended The Chalet School on Croydon. In 1889 he and his two older brothers were sent to Elizabeth College in Guernsey, where he spent two years until it was time to attend his first prep school, Malvern House near Dover. There he spent two years, in which he was very unhappy, but finally was able to persuade his father to change to Dulwich College, where he achieved great academic and athletic success. At Dulwich Wodehouse also came into contact with the performing arts, as he acted leading roles in teatrical and musical productions. These would remain a part of his later life.
After finishing school his father found him a position with the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank in London. Wodehouse himself, however, never desired to be a banker, and already started writing part time while wokring at the bank, before quitting completely in 1902 and starting to work as a writer full-time.
His first work as a journalist was with ''The Globe'', but he also wrote articles for various other magazines, like ''Vanity Fair'' and ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.
In 1909 he managed to sell two of his short stories, after which he resigned from ''The Globe'' and relocated to New York, where we wrote for the ''American Vanity Fair'' and from 1915 on started working on various musical productions.
In 1914 P. G. Wodehouse married Ethey Wayman, who came into the marriage with a daughter from a past relationship. They to never had other children.
From 1914 on Wodehouse and his family split time between England and New York, until relocating to France in 1934. When Germany invaded France, Wodehouse, his wife and daughter were interned and sent to Belguim and later Toszek in Poland, where their daughter died.
After the war Wodehouse relocated to New York permanently and became a U.S. citizen in 1955. He died in New York in 1975 (aged 93) due to a heart attack.

== Work ==
Between 1902 and 1975 Wodehouse wrote 93 books, including novels, collections of short stories ans musical comedies. In addition he worked on and published 15 plays and wrote more than two hundred song lyrics.
He is best known for his humorist story series, most of all the so called "Jeeves books"
His series are:
1) Blandings Castle Series (11 Novels and 9 short stories)

2) Drones Club Stories (25 short stories and some related novels)

3) Golf Stories or Oldest Member Stories (8 short stories)

4) The Jeeves books (35 short stories and 11 novels)

5) Mr Mulliner Series (42 short stories)

6) Psmith Series (4 novels)

7) School Stories

8) Ukridge Series

9) Uncle Fred Stories

And various other novels and short stories not included in any series.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. ''A Bibliography and Reader's Guide to the First Editions of P. G. Wodehouse''. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. ''P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master''. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. ''Wodehouse: A Life''. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. ''P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist'', New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. ''Wodehouse on Wodehouse''. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T19:56:38Z

Katharinamr:

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Life ==
Pelham Grenville Wodehouse was born as the third son of Henry Ernest Wodehouse, a British judge working in Hong Kong, and Eleanor Wodehouse(formerly Deane) while she was visiting Guildforn in Surrey, England. Apart from his two older brothers, Peveril and Armine, Wodehouse also had a much younger brother named Richard.
He spent the first three years of his life with his parents in Hong Kong and then was sent back to England with a nanny and attended various boarding schools. During his early life he barely ever saw his parents, but attended the same schoold as his two older brothers.
From 1886 to 1889 he attended The Chalet School on Croydon. In 1889 he and his two older brothers were sent to Elizabeth College in Guernsey, where he spent two years until it was time to attend his first prep school, Malvern House near Dover. There he spent two years, in which he was very unhappy, but finally was able to persuade his father to change to Dulwich College, where he achieved great academic and athletic success. At Dulwich Wodehouse also came into contact with the performing arts, as he acted leading roles in teatrical and musical productions. These would remain a part of his later life.
After finishing school his father found him a position with the Hong Kong and Shanghai bank in London. Wodehouse himself, however, never desired to be a banker, and already started writing part time while wokring at the bank, before quitting completely in 1902 and starting to work as a writer full-time.
His first work as a journalist was with ''The Globe'', but he also wrote articles for various other magazines, like ''Vanity Fair'' and ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.
In 1909 he managed to sell two of his short stories, after which he resigned from ''The Globe'' and relocated to New York, where we wrote for the ''American Vanity Fair'' and from 1915 on started working on various musical productions.
In 1914 P. G. Wodehouse married Ethey Wayman, who came into the marriage with a daughter from a past relationship. They to never had other children.
From 1914 on Wodehouse and his family split time between England and New York, until relocating to France in 1934. When Germany invaded France, Wodehouse, his wife and daughter were interned and sent to Belguim and later Toszek in Poland, where their daughter died.
After the war Wodehouse relocated to New York permanently and became a U.S. citizen in 1955. He died in New York in 1975 (aged 93) due to a heart attack.

== Work ==
Between 1902 and 1975 Wodehouse wrote 93 books, including novels, collections of short stories ans musical comedies. In addition he worked on and published 15 plays and wrote more than two hundred song lyrics.
He is best known for his humorist story series, most of all the so called "Jeeves books"
His series are:
Series:
1) Blandings Castle Series (11 Novels and 9 short stories)
2) Drones Club Stories (25 short stories and some related novels)
3) Golf Stories or Oldest Member Stories (8 short stories)
4) The Jeeves books (35 short stories and 11 novels)
5) Mr Mulliner Series (42 short stories)
6) Psmith Series (4 novels)
7) School Stories
8) Ukridge Series
9) Uncle Fred Stories
And various other novels and short stories not included in any series.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. ''A Bibliography and Reader's Guide to the First Editions of P. G. Wodehouse''. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. ''P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master''. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. ''Wodehouse: A Life''. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. ''P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist'', New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. ''Wodehouse on Wodehouse''. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T13:29:31Z

Katharinamr: /* Sources */

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. ''A Bibliography and Reader's Guide to the First Editions of P. G. Wodehouse''. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. ''P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master''. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. ''Wodehouse: A Life''. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. ''P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist'', New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. ''Wodehouse on Wodehouse''. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T13:28:39Z

Katharinamr: /* Sources */

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. A Bibliography and Reader's Guide to the First Editions of P. G. Wodehouse. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. Wodehouse: A Life. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist, New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. Wodehouse on Wodehouse. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T13:27:41Z

Katharinamr: /* Sources */

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. A bibliography and reader's guide to the first editions of P. G. Wodehouse. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.

Jasen, David A. P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master. New York: Schirmer, 2002.

McCrum, Robert. Wodehouse: A Life. London: Viking, 2004.

McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist, New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.

Wodehouse, Pelham G. Wodehouse on Wodehouse. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T13:27:21Z

Katharinamr:

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 – 14 February 1975) was a British novelist, playwright and lyricist, best known for his comic prose and characters like Jeeves and Bertie Wooster.

== Sources ==
Jasen, David. A bibliography and reader's guide to the first editions of P. G. Wodehouse. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1971.
Jasen, David A. P.G. Wodehouse: A portrait of a master. New York: Schirmer, 2002.
McCrum, Robert. Wodehouse: A Life. London: Viking, 2004.
McIlvaine, Eileen; Louise S. Sherby and James H. Heineman. P G Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist, New York: James H Heineman, Inc, 1990.
Wodehouse, Pelham G. Wodehouse on Wodehouse. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

P.G. Wodehouse

2012-01-17T08:53:29Z

Katharinamr:

Novelist. Master of comic prose and comic characters such as Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

2011-12-07T20:51:03Z

Katharinamr: /* Life */

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Austrian Philosopher who wrote significant works on language and meaning.

== Life ==
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna in 1889 as the youngest of seven children of Carl Wittgenstein, the creator of Austria’s prewar iron and steel industry. Influenced by his father's occupation his ambition in early life was to become an engineer and in 1906 he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg, where he spent three semesters. He then went to Manchester University in 1908 to continue his studies.

His mathematical work in engineering aroused his interest in logic, and in 1911 Wittgenstein went to Cambridge to study Philosophy as a pupil of [[Bertrand Russel]], prior to spending the year before the ourbreak of World War I in seclusion in Norway working at logic.

When the war began, Wittgenstein immediately volunteered for the Austrian Army. From 1912 to 1917, while on active service, he worked on and completed the manuscript of the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'', which today is regarded as one the the greatest philosophical achievements of the 20th century. During the years after the war, however, the manuscript was being handed from publisher to publisher and rejected over and over again until finally being published in 1921.

After the war Ludwig Wittgenstein worked as gardener, hotel porter and finally spent six years as an elementary school teacher in Austria.

In 1929 he returned to Cambridge and was soon awarded the doctorate. In 1939 he became Professor of Philosophy and held his position until 1947, when he retired in order to devote more time to writing.

He died in in Cambridge, England, in 1951.

== Works on Language and Meaning ==
Wittgenstein wrote voluminously, but his only philosophical work to be published during his lifetime was the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' and a brief article in the ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society''. His other works have been published post humously. His ''Philosophical Investigations'', which is considered the most important of his works, was published in 1953.

There is a noticable shift in Wittgenstein’s work, especially considering his approach to language, prompting critics to talk of the 'early' and the 'late Wittgenstein'.

=== ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' ===
In the ''Tractus'' Wittgenstein tries to determine what conditions have to be fulfilled for a precisely meaningful language to exist. He wants to draw a clear line of demarcation between science and non-science, which, according to him, corresponds to the line between factual and infactual language.
According to the ''Tractus'' the main function of language is to depict the world, making each sentence a representation of reality, a concept Wittgenstein himself criticised in his later works.

=== ''Philosophical Investigations'' ===
The first sections of this work are a direct attack upon the central theses Wittgenstein wrote down in the ''Tractus''. He drops his claim of the existence of a single language of sciene and replaces it with the view of language as a multitude of interacting language-games with their own rules of use.

There are four main theses on language in his book, according to AHMED:
# meaningful sentences are combinations of names
# everything that can be said, can be said precisely, or not at all
# meaning and understanding are understood as mental processes accompanying language
# people can think and talk about their inner states independently of their surroundings

== Sources ==
Ahmed, Arif. ''Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations''. London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010.

Ascombe, G.E.M.. ''An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractus''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1959.

Bartley, William Warren. ''Wittgenstein''. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott Company, 1973.

Bensch, Rudolf. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein''. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1973.

Bloor, David. ''Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge''. London: The Macmillan Press, 1983.

Norman, Malcolm. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir''. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

2011-12-07T20:49:30Z

Katharinamr: /* Life */

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Austrian Philosopher who wrote significant works on language and meaning.

== Life ==
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna in 1889 as the youngest of seven children of Carl Wittgenstein, the creator of Austria’s prewar iron and steel industry. Influenced by his father's occupation his ambition in early life was to become an engineer and in 1906 he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg, where he spent three semesters. He then went to Manchester University in 1908 to continue his studies.

His mathematical work in engineering arounsed his interest in logic, and in 1911 Wittgenstein went to Cambridge to study Philosophy as a pupil of [[Bertrand Russel]], prior to spending the year before the ourbreak of World War I in seclusion in Norway working at logic.

When the war began, Wittgenstein immediately volunteered for the Austrian Army. From 1912 to 1917, while on active service, he worked on and completed the manuscript of the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'', which today is regarded as one the the greatest philosophical achievements of the 20th century. During the years after the war, however, the manuscript was being handed from publisher to publisher and rejected over and over again until finally being published in 1921.

After the war Ludwig Wittgenstein worked as gardener, hotel porter and finally spent six years as an elementary school teacher in Austria.

In 1929 he returned to Cambridge and was soon awarded the doctorate. In 1939 he became Professor of Philosophy and held his position until 1947, when he retired in order to devote more time to writing.

He died in in Cambridge, England, in 1951.

== Works on Language and Meaning ==
Wittgenstein wrote voluminously, but his only philosophical work to be published during his lifetime was the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' and a brief article in the ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society''. His other works have been published post humously. His ''Philosophical Investigations'', which is considered the most important of his works, was published in 1953.

There is a noticable shift in Wittgenstein’s work, especially considering his approach to language, prompting critics to talk of the 'early' and the 'late Wittgenstein'.

=== ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' ===
In the ''Tractus'' Wittgenstein tries to determine what conditions have to be fulfilled for a precisely meaningful language to exist. He wants to draw a clear line of demarcation between science and non-science, which, according to him, corresponds to the line between factual and infactual language.
According to the ''Tractus'' the main function of language is to depict the world, making each sentence a representation of reality, a concept Wittgenstein himself criticised in his later works.

=== ''Philosophical Investigations'' ===
The first sections of this work are a direct attack upon the central theses Wittgenstein wrote down in the ''Tractus''. He drops his claim of the existence of a single language of sciene and replaces it with the view of language as a multitude of interacting language-games with their own rules of use.

There are four main theses on language in his book, according to AHMED:
# meaningful sentences are combinations of names
# everything that can be said, can be said precisely, or not at all
# meaning and understanding are understood as mental processes accompanying language
# people can think and talk about their inner states independently of their surroundings

== Sources ==
Ahmed, Arif. ''Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations''. London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010.

Ascombe, G.E.M.. ''An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractus''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1959.

Bartley, William Warren. ''Wittgenstein''. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott Company, 1973.

Bensch, Rudolf. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein''. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1973.

Bloor, David. ''Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge''. London: The Macmillan Press, 1983.

Norman, Malcolm. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir''. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

2011-12-07T20:47:57Z

Katharinamr:

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Austrian Philosopher who wrote significant works on language and meaning.

== Life ==
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna in 1889 as the yougest of seven children of Carl Wittgenstein, the creator of Austria’s prewar iron and steel industry. Influenced by his fathers occupation his ambition in early life was to become an engineer and in 1906 he enrolled in the Technische Hochschule Berlin-Charlottenburg, where he spent three semesters. He then went to Manchester University in 1908 to continue his studies.

His mathematical work in engineering arounsed his interest in logic, and in 1911 Wittgenstein went to Cambridge to study Philosophy as a pupil of [[Bertrand Russel]], prior to spending the year before the ourbreak of World War I in seclusion in Norway working at logic.

When the war began, Wittgenstein immediately volunteered for the Austrian Army. From 1912 to 1917, while on active service, he worked on and completed the manuscript of the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'', which today is regarded as one the the greatest philosophical achievements of the 20th century. During the years after the war, however, the manuscript was being handed from publisher to publisher and rejected over and over again until finally being published in 1921.

After the war Ludwig Wittgenstein worked as gardener, hotel porter and finally spent six years as an elementary school teacher in Austria.

In 1929 he returned to Cambridge and was soon awarded the doctorate. In 1939 he became Professor of Philosophy and held his position until 1947, when he retired in order to devote more time to writing.

He died in in Cambridge, England, in 1951.

== Works on Language and Meaning ==
Wittgenstein wrote voluminously, but his only philosophical work to be published during his lifetime was the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' and a brief article in the ''Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society''. His other works have been published post humously. His ''Philosophical Investigations'', which is considered the most important of his works, was published in 1953.

There is a noticable shift in Wittgenstein’s work, especially considering his approach to language, prompting critics to talk of the 'early' and the 'late Wittgenstein'.

=== ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' ===
In the ''Tractus'' Wittgenstein tries to determine what conditions have to be fulfilled for a precisely meaningful language to exist. He wants to draw a clear line of demarcation between science and non-science, which, according to him, corresponds to the line between factual and infactual language.
According to the ''Tractus'' the main function of language is to depict the world, making each sentence a representation of reality, a concept Wittgenstein himself criticised in his later works.

=== ''Philosophical Investigations'' ===
The first sections of this work are a direct attack upon the central theses Wittgenstein wrote down in the ''Tractus''. He drops his claim of the existence of a single language of sciene and replaces it with the view of language as a multitude of interacting language-games with their own rules of use.

There are four main theses on language in his book, according to AHMED:
# meaningful sentences are combinations of names
# everything that can be said, can be said precisely, or not at all
# meaning and understanding are understood as mental processes accompanying language
# people can think and talk about their inner states independently of their surroundings

== Sources ==
Ahmed, Arif. ''Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations''. London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010.

Ascombe, G.E.M.. ''An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractus''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1959.

Bartley, William Warren. ''Wittgenstein''. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott Company, 1973.

Bensch, Rudolf. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein''. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1973.

Bloor, David. ''Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge''. London: The Macmillan Press, 1983.

Norman, Malcolm. ''Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir''. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

2011-12-06T11:09:59Z

Katharinamr:

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Australian Philosopher who wrote significant works on language and meaning. His two most notable works are the ''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'' (1921) and ''Philosophical Investigations'' (1951), which was published posthumously.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

2011-12-06T11:08:43Z

Katharinamr:

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Australian Philosopher who wrote significant works on language and meaning. His two most notable works are the [[''Tractus Logico-Philosophicus'']] (1921) and [[''Philosophical Investigations'']] (1951), which was published posthumously.

Sentimental Comedy

2009-07-22T18:02:53Z

Katharinamr:

New form of comedy established in Britain between 1690 and the early eighteenth century.

Due to the new moral tone and spirit in society in the late seventeenth century and the fact that from the 1680s merchants and their wives, who were supporters of this new tone, had begun to attend the theatre more frequently a new form of comedy found its way on the stage.

The Sentimental comedy confronts us with a mixture of comedy, as in [[Restoration Comedy]], and pathos. This linking of the two forms led to the creation of two alternative labels: "weeping comedy" and "comedy of sentiments".
Absolute virtues like the sanctity of marriage, the life of the family and the care of the weak are dealt with. The first of which had been ridiculed in Restoration comedy, the other two had simply been neglected.
The plays often present an explicit moral reference, usually given in the fifth act, which led to the invention of the term "fifth-act reform", or "fifth-act repentance".

A typical example for the "fifth-act reform" can be found in Richard Steele's ''The Lying Lover'', where the author himself states in the preface:
"He makes false love, gets drunk, and kills a man, but in the fifth act awakens from his debauch with the compunction and remorse which is suitable to a man's finding himself in a gaol."

== Examples ==

----
Colley Cibber: ''Love's Last Shift'' (1696), ''The Careless Husband'' (1705)

Richard Steele: ''The Lying Lover'' (1704)

== Sources ==
Williams, Raymond. "Sentimentalism and Social History". In: McMillin, Scott. ''Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy''. New York, London: Norton & Company, 1997, pages 621-625.

Libertine

2009-07-22T15:41:23Z

Katharinamr: Created page with 'A Libertine by definition is a man who "refuses to accept current beliefs and desires to free himself from the bonds of Christian doctrine"(WEBER) In Restoration Comedy the …'

A Libertine by definition is a man who "refuses to accept current beliefs and desires to free himself from the bonds of Christian doctrine"(WEBER)

In [[Restoration Comedy]] the term is often used to describe a [[Rake]].

''The Libertine'' is also the name of a play by Moliere from the year 1665.

== Sources ==
Weber, Harold. ''The Restoration Rake-Hero''. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press,
1986.

Protectorate

2009-07-22T15:30:40Z

Katharinamr: Created page with 'The Protectorate is the name of the British government from 1653 to 1659, as established by the Instrument of Government. Head of state was the Lord Protector, a position…'

The Protectorate is the name of the British government from 1653 to 1659, as established by the [[Instrument of Government]]. Head of state was the [[Lord Protector]], a position first held by [[Oliver Cromwell]] from December 16, 1653 to September 3, 1658, and later, after the [[Humble Petition and Advice]] in 1657, gave Cromwell, among other things, the right to name his successor, by his son [[Richard Cromwell]]. Richard resigned in 1659.
Following the Protectorate was the [[Restoration]] of [[Charles II]].

During the Protectorate Cromwell as head of state together with parliament passed more than 80 ordinances in domestic policy. Main aims of his reign were to reform the law, set up the Puritan Church, promote education and foremost to decentralize administration.

== Sources ==
Woolrych, Austin. ''Commonwealth to Protectorate''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.

"Protectorate". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 20.Jul.2009.

"Instrument of Government". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 20.Jul.2009.

Sentimental Comedy

2009-07-22T13:04:24Z

Katharinamr:

The Sentimental comedy is a new form of comedy established in Britain between 1690 and the early eighteenth century.

Due to the new moral tone and spirit in society in the late seventeenth century and the fact that from the 1680's merchants and their wives, who were supporters of this new tone, had begun to attend the theatre more frequently a new form of comedy found its way on the stage.

The Sentimental comedy confronts us with a mixture of comedy, as in [[Restoration Comedy]], and pathos. This linking of the two forms led to the creation of two alternative labels: "weeping comedy" and "comedy of sentiments".
Absolute virtues like the sanctity of marriage, the life of the family and the care of the weak are dealt with. The first of which had been rediculed in Restoration comedy, the other two had simply been neglected.
The plays often present an explicit moral reference, usually given in the fifth act, which led to the invention of the term "fifth-act reform".

A typical example for the "fifth-act reform" can be found in Richard Steele's ''The Lying Lover'', where the author himself states in the preface:
"He makes false love, gets drunk, and kills a man, but in the fifth act awakens from his debauch with the compunction and remorse which is suitable to a man's finding himself in a gaol."

== Examples ==

----
Colley Cibber: ''Love's Last Shift'' (1696), ''The Careless Husband'' (1705)

Richard Steele: ''The Lying Lover'' (1704)

== Sources ==
Williams, Raymond. ''Sentimentalism and Social History''. In: McMillin, Scott. ''Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy''. New York, London: Norton & Company, 1997.

Sentimental Comedy

2009-07-22T13:03:01Z

Katharinamr:

Sentimental Comedy

2009-07-22T13:01:01Z

Katharinamr: Created page with 'The Sentimental comedy is a new form of comedy established in Britain between 1690 and the early eighteenth century. Due to the new moral tone and spirit in society in the late …'

The Sentimental comedy is a new form of comedy established in Britain between 1690 and the early eighteenth century.

Due to the new moral tone and spirit in society in the late seventeenth century and the fact that from the 1680's merchants and their wives, who were supporters of this new tone, had begun to attend the theatre more frequently a new form of comedy found its way on the stage.

The Sentimental comedy confronts us with a mixture of comedy, as in [[Restoration Comedy]], and pathos. This linking of the two forms led to the creation of two alternative labels: "weeping comedy" and "comedy of sentiments".
Absolute virtues like the sanctity of marriage, the life of the family and the care of the weak are dealt with. The first of which had been rediculed in Restoration comedy, the other two had simply been neglected.
The plays often present an explicit moral reference, usually given in the fifth act, which led to the invention of the term "fifth-act reform".

A typical example for the "fifth-act reform" can be found in Richard Steele's ''The Lying Lover'', where the author himself states in the preface:
"He makes falso love, gets drunk, and kills a man, but in the fifth act awakens from his debauch with the compuntion and remorse which is suitable to a man's finding himself in a gaol."

== Examples ==

----
Colley Cibber: ''Love's Last Shift'' (1696), ''The Careless Husband'' (1705)

Richard Steele: ''The Lying Lover'' (1704)

== Sources ==
Williams, Raymond. ''Sentimentalism and Social History''. In: McMillin, Scott. ''Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy''. London: Norton & Company, 1997.