British Culture - User contributions [en]

Nicholas Hawksmoor

2010-01-22T15:27:15Z

Katharina: /* Nicholas Hawksmoor */

== Nicholas Hawksmoor ==

Nicholas Hawksmoor was born as the son of a yeoman farming family in 1661 at Ragnall, Nottinghamshire. There is only little known about his youth and his education, but it is reasonable to assume that his schooling went far beyond mere literacy. When he first came to London he discovered his interests in architecture and became clerk to [[Christopher Wren]] in order to become an architect.

Hawksmoor and Wren worked together for several years including projects such as St. Paul's Cathedral and the Royal Naval Hospital at Greenwich. Later he also worked with [[John Vanbrugh]], helping him build Blenheim Palace.
According to the Parliamentary Act of 1711 Hawksmoor designed six new churches in and around London. Hawksmoor's architecture was strongly influenced by the wide range of cultures that came to the British empire through increasing numbers of explorations and travels. The post-Restoration ideology and the developing rationalism of contemporary science also influenced Hawksmoor's architecture. The influence of [[Palladianism]], most notable in the Mausoleum at Castle Howard reflects the change in national taste during his career.

Although Nicholas Hawksmoor is regarded to be a famous 18th century architect there is no popular work associated with only his name. He had no pupils or contemporary diciples and following the shift in national taste from Baroque to Palladianism he sank into obscurity. During the latter part of his life his buildings were publically dismissed and after his death completely ignored.
Nicholas Hawksmoor died in 1736.

== References: ==

Hart, Vaughan: Nicholas Hawksmoor. Rebuilding Ancient wonders. Yale University Press, New Haven/London 2002.

Downes, Kerry: Hawksmoor. London 1959.

Nicholas Hawksmoor

2010-01-22T15:25:23Z

Katharina: Created page with '== Nicholas Hawksmoor == Nicholas Hawksmoor was born as the son of a yeoman farming family in 1661 at Ragnall, Nottinghamshire. There is only little known about his youth and…'

== Nicholas Hawksmoor ==

Nicholas Hawksmoor was born as the son of a yeoman farming family in 1661 at Ragnall, Nottinghamshire. There is only little known about his youth and his education, but it is reasonable to assume that his schooling went far beyond mere literacy. When he first came to London he discovered his interests in architecture and became clerk to Christopher Wren in order to become an architect.

Hawksmoor and Wren worked together for several years including projects such as St. Paul's Cathedral and the Royal Naval Hospital at Greenwich. Later he also worked with John Vanbrugh, helping him build Blenheim Palace.
According to the Parliamentary Act of 1711 Hawksmoor designed six new churches in and around London. Hawksmoor's architecture was strongly influenced by the wide range of cultures that came to the British empire through increasing numbers of explorations and travels. The post-Restoration ideology and the developing rationalism of contemporary science also influenced Hawksmoor's architecture. The influence of Palladianism, most notable in the Mausoleum at Castle Howard reflects the change in national taste during his career.

Although Nicholas Hawksmoor is regarded to be a famous 18th century architect there is no popular work associated with only his name. He had no pupils or contemporary diciples and following the shift in national taste from Baroque to Palladianism he sank into obscurity. During the latter part of his life his buildings were publically dismissed and after his death completely ignored.
Nicholas Hawksmoor died in 1736.

== References: ==

Hart, Vaughan: Nicholas Hawksmoor. Rebuilding Ancient wonders. Yale University Press, New Haven/London 2002.

Downes, Kerry: Hawksmoor. London 1959.

Martin Luther

2009-12-14T12:12:58Z

Katharina:

== '''Martin Luther''' ==

Martin Luther was born as the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther in Eisleben, Germany, on November 10th, 1483. He studied philosophy and law before entering an Augustinian monastery in 1505. Two years later he was ordained as a priest and continued his theological studies at the University of Wittenberg, where he then became a professor of biblical studies. During a trip to Rome in 1510 Luther was shocked by the corruption of some parts of the clergy, which later led to doubts regarding the teachings of the Catholic Church.

On October 31st, 1517, Luther is said to have published his [[Ninety-Five Theses]] concerning the indulgence sale, sparking the Reformation. He disagreed of the fact that freedom of God’s punishment could be purchased with money.
This and further writings led to a break with Pope Leo X. and Rome and finally resulted in Luther’s excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1521.

Being persecuted as an outlaw Luther fled and hid at the Wartburg. There he further developed this theology and translated the New Testament from Latin into German.

Luther’s ideas and ideals were accepted and supported by many people.
Although Luther did not intend a separation from the Catholic Church at the beginnings of his criticisms he started of the Reformation process, which led to the [[Peasant’s War]] (1534-1525) and later the [[Thirty Years’ War]] (1618-1648).

In 1525 Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. They had several children.
From 1531 on Luther’s health deteriorated. He suffered from several diseases and eventually died in Eisleben, the city of his birth, on Febuary 18th, 1546.

Sources:

Beutel, Albrecht: Martin Luther. Eine Einführung in Leben, Werk und Wirkung. 2. üverbesserte Auflage. Leipzig 2006.

Eder, Manfred: Kirchengeschichte - 200 Jahre im Überblick. Düsseldorf 2008.

Leppin,Volker: Martin Luther (Gestalten des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, herausgegeben von Peter Herde). Darmstadt 2006.

Martin Luther

2009-12-14T12:12:36Z

Katharina:

== '''Martin Luther''' ==

Martin Luther was born as the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther in Eisleben, Germany, on November 10th, 1483. He studied philosophy and law before entering an Augustinian monastery in 1505. Two years later he was ordained as a priest and continued his theological studies at the University of Wittenberg, where he then became a professor of biblical studies. During a trip to Rome in 1510 Luther was shocked by the corruption of some parts of the clergy, which later led to doubts regarding the teachings of the Catholic Church.

On October 31st, 1517, Luther is said to have published his [[Ninety-Five Theses]] concerning the indulgence sale, sparking the Reformation. He disagreed of the fact that freedom of God’s punishment could be purchased with money.
This and further writings led to a break with Pope Leo X. and Rome and finally resulted in Luther’s excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1521.

Being persecuted as an outlaw Luther fled and hid at the Wartburg. There he further developed this theology and translated the New Testament from Latin into German.

Luther’s ideas and ideals were accepted and supported by many people.
Although Luther did not intend a separation from the Catholic Church at the beginnings of his criticisms he started of the Reformation process, which led to the [[Peasant’s War]] (1534-1525) and later the [[Thirty Years’ War]] (1618-1648).

In 1525 Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. They had several children.
From 1531 on Luther’s health deteriorated. He suffered from several diseases and eventually died in Eisleben, the city of his birth, on Febuary 18th, 1546.

Sources:

Beutel, Albrecht: Martin Luther. Eine Einführung in Leben, Werk und Wirkung. 2. üverbesserte Auflage. Leipzig 2006.

Eder, Manfred: Kirchengeschichte - 200 Jahre im Überblick. Düsseldorf 2008.

Leppin,Volker: Martin Luther(Gestalten des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, herausgegeben von Peter Herde). Darmstadt 2006.

Martin Luther

2009-12-14T12:09:57Z

Katharina:

== '''Martin Luther''' ==

Martin Luther was born as the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther in Eisleben, Germany on November 10th, 1483. He studied philosophy and law before entering an Augustinian monastery in 1505. Two years later he was ordained as a priest and continued his theological studies at the University of Wittenberg, where he then became a professor of biblical studies. During a trip to Rome in 1510 Luther was shocked by the corruption of some parts of the clergy, which later led to doubts regarding the teachings of the Catholic Church.

On October 31st, 1517, Luther is said to have published his [[Ninety-Five Theses]] concerning the indulgence sale, sparking the Reformation. He disagreed of the fact that freedom of God’s punishment could be purchased with money.
This and further writings led to a break with Pope Leo X. and Rome and finally resulted in Luther’s excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1521.

Being persecuted as an outlaw Luther fled and hid at the Wartburg. There he developed this theology and translated the New Testament from Latin into German.

Luther’s ideas and ideals were accepted and supported by many people.
Although Luther did not intend a separation from the Catholic Church at the beginnings of his criticisms he started of the Reformation process which led to the [[Peasant’s War]] (1534-1525) and later the [[Thirty Years’ War]] (1618-1648).

In 1525 Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. They had several children.
From 1531 on Luther’s health deteriorated. He suffered from several diseases and eventually died in Eisleben, the city of his birth, on Febuary 18th, 1546.

Sources:

Beutel, Albrecht: Martin Luther. Eine Einführung in Leben, Werk und Wirkung. 2. üverbesserte Auflage. Leipzig 2006.

Eder, Manfred: Kirchengeschichte - 200 Jahre im Überblick. Düsseldorf 2008.

Leppin,Volker: Martin Luther(Gestalten des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, herausgegeben von Peter Herde). Darmstadt 2006.

Martin Luther

2009-12-14T12:08:33Z

Katharina: Created page with ''''Martin Luther''' Martin Luther was born as the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther in Eisleben, Germany on November 10th, 1483. He studied philosophy and law before entering an…'

'''Martin Luther'''

Martin Luther was born as the son of Hans and Margarethe Luther in Eisleben, Germany on November 10th, 1483. He studied philosophy and law before entering an Augustinian monastery in 1505. Two years later he was ordained as a priest and continued his theological studies at the University of Wittenberg, where he then became a professor of biblical studies. During a trip to Rome in 1510 Luther was shocked by the corruption of some parts of the clergy, which later led to doubts regarding the teachings of the Catholic Church.

On October 31st, 1517, Luther is said to have published his Ninety-Five Theses concerning the indulgence sale, sparking the Reformation. He disagreed of the fact that freedom of God’s punishment could be purchased with money.
This and further writings led to a break with Pope Leo X. and Rome and finally resulted in Luther’s excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1521.

Being persecuted as an outlaw Luther fled and hid at the Wartburg. There he developed this theology and translated the New Testament from Latin into German.

Luther’s ideas and ideals were accepted and supported by many people.
Although Luther did not intend a separation from the Catholic Church at the beginnings of his criticisms he started of the Reformation process which led to the Peasant’s War (1534-1525) and later the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648).

In 1525 Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. They had several children.
From 1531 on Luther’s health deteriorated. He suffered from several diseases and eventually died in Eisleben, the city of his birth, on Febuary 18th, 1546.

Sources:

Beutel, Albrecht: Martin Luther. Eine Einführung in Leben, Werk und Wirkung. 2. üverbesserte Auflage. Leipzig 2006.

Eder, Manfred: Kirchengeschichte - 200 Jahre im Überblick. Düsseldorf 2008.

Leppin,Volker: Martin Luther(Gestalten des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, herausgegeben von Peter Herde). Darmstadt 2006.

War of Jenkins' Ear

2009-11-09T13:16:40Z

Katharina:

Colonial conflict between Great Britain and Spain, which was fought from 1739 until 1748.

The name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who lost his ear to the Spanish coast guard in 1731 because of being accused of piracy. In 1739 Jenkins presented his cut-off ear to Parliament in order to give proof of Spanish attacks against the British. This and other incidents lead to a war, which mainly was about the supremacy over the Caribbean and southern North-American colonies.

In 1739 the capture of Porto Bello, a silver-exporting town at the coast of Panama, was a major success over the Spanish, damaging Spain's finances and naval capabilities. The largest action of the war was an attack against Cartagena de Indias in 1741. Inefficient organization, logistical problems and tropical diseases such as the yellow fever lead to a defeat of the British troops.
Several other British attacks took place in the Carribean with little consequence.

After 1742 the war merged into the larger [[War of the Austrian Succession|War of Austrian Succession]] involving most of Europe’s powers. Only with the Treaty of [[Aix-la-Chapelle]] in 1748 peace in Europe could be reestablished.

'''Sources'''

Maurer, Michael. ''Kleine Geschichte Englands''. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.

"War of Jenkin's Ear." ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''. November 9th, 2009 : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302562/War-of-Jenkins-Ear.

"The War of Austrian Succession." ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online''. November 9th, 2009: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44477/War-of-the-Austrian-Succession

"War of Jenkin's Ear." ''US History Encyclopedia''. November 9th, 2009: http://answers.com/topic/war-of-jenkins-ear.

War of Jenkins' Ear

2009-11-09T12:27:17Z

Katharina:

'''The War of Jenkins' Ear''' was a colonial conflict between Great Britain and Spain, which was fought from 1739 until 1748.

The name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who lost his ear to the Spanish coast guard in 1731 because of being accused of piracy. In 1739 Jenkins presented his cut-off ear to the Parliament in order to give proof of Spanish attacks against the British. This and other incidents lead to a war, which mainly was about the supremacy over the Caribbean and southern North-American colonies.

In 1739 the capture of Porto Bello, a silver-exporting town at the coast of Panama, was a major success over the Spanish, damaging Spain's finances and naval capabilities. The largest action of the war was an attack against Cartagena de Indias in 1741. Inefficient organization, logistical problems and tropical deseases such as the yellow fever lead to a defeat of the British troops.
Several other British attacks took place in the Carrabeans with little consequence.

After 1742 the war merged into the larger war of the Austrian succession involving most of Europe’s powers. Only with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 peace in Europe could be reestablished.

'''Sources'''

- Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.

- "War of Jenkin's Ear." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. November 9th, 2009 : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302562/War-of-Jenkins-Ear.

-"The War of Austrian Succession." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. November 9th, 2009: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44477/War-of-the-Austrian-Succession

- "War of Jenkin's Ear." US History Encyclopedia. November 9th, 2009: http://answers.com/topic/war-of-jenkins-ear.

War of Jenkins' Ear

2009-11-09T12:17:59Z

Katharina: Created page with ''''The War of Jenkins' Ear''' was a colonial conflict between Great Britain and Spain, which was fought from 1739 until 1748. The name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a B…'

'''The War of Jenkins' Ear''' was a colonial conflict between Great Britain and Spain, which was fought from 1739 until 1748.

The name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who lost his ear to the Spanish coast guard in 1731 because of being accused of piracy. In 1739 Jenkins presented his cut-off ear to the Parliament in order to give proof of Spanish attacks against the British. This and other incidents lead to a war, which mainly was about the supremacy over the Caribbean and southern North-American colonies.

In 1739 the capture of Porto Bello, a silver-exporting town at the coast of Panama, was a major success over the Spanish, damaging Spain's finances and naval capabilities. The largest action of the war was an attack against Cartagena de Indias in 1741. Inefficient organization, logistical problems and tropical deseases such as the yellow fever lead to a defeat of the British troops.
Several other British attacks took place in the Carrabeans with little consequence.

After 1742 the war merged into the larger war of the Austrian succession involving most of Europe’s powers. Only with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 peace in Europe could be reestablished.

'''Sources'''

- Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007

- "War of Jenkin's Ear." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. November 9th, 2009 : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302562/War-of-Jenkins-Ear.

- "War of Jenkin's Ear." US History Encyclopedia. November 9th, 2009: http://answers.com/topic/war-of-jenkins-ear.