British Culture - User contributions [en]

Book of Common Prayer

2009-07-21T18:40:41Z

Chris84:

The Book of Common Prayer regulated the administration of the sacraments, rites and ceremonies as well as the form and manner of making, ordaining and consecrating bishops, priests and deacons.

The first version was published in 1549. The book contained the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in the church. Furthermore it included morning prayer, evening prayer and the Holy Communion as well as the set out forms for funeral service, confirmation or marriage.

Revised versions have been published in the years 1552, 1559, 1604 and 1662.
Not all Church of England services had followed the Book of Common Prayer despite the Act of Uniformity 1559 which had specified it as binding.

In May 1662 another Act of Uniformity, which established the dominance of the Anglican church after the death of Cromwell and the Restoration of the King, was given royal assent and the revised prayer book became the ultimate code of Anglican churchmanship.
From that time on all Church of England services had to accept and conduct the forms and manners of the Book of Common Prayer.

"Outside the Commonwealth most churches of the Anglican Communion possess their own variants of the English prayer book" (Britannica online)

== Source: ==

Benton, J.H.: ''The book of common prayer - its origin and growth''. Boston: The Merrymount Press, 1910.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer

Davies, Horton: ''Worship and Theology in England''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.

Ratcliff, Edward: ''The books of common prayer - its making and revisions''. Watford: Sun Printers, 1949.

Act of Uniformity

2009-07-21T18:39:36Z

Chris84:

== Acts of Uniformity ==

In the english history there were four Acts of Uniformity all of which had the function to establish an orthodoxy with the church of england, meaning to accept the forms and manners for church service of the Book of Common Prayers.

== Act of Uniformity 1549 ==

The Act of Uniformity in 1549 constituted the claim that the Book of Common Prayers was the only legal form of worship. Any clergy holding a church service not according to the forms and manners of this book forfeited all lands and status.

== Act of Uniformity 1552 ==

The Act of Uniformity 1552 was enacted in 1552 by Edward VI of England with the purpose to make England more protestant. Therefore the Book of Common Prayer was substituted by a revised and protestant Book of Common Prayer. Anyone attending a church service without following the forms and manners of this book was imprisoned.

== Act of Uniformity 1559 ==

Under Queen Elizabeth who wanted to unify the anglican church the Act of Uniformity of 1559 restored a slightly revised book of common prayers from 1552 which allowed the belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Furthermore the order of prayers to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer set and every man to attent church service once a week and every Sunday.
Violations of these obligations were punished.

== Act of Uniformity 1662 ==

The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was an Act of the Parliament for the Uniformity of public prayers and Administration of Sacraments, Rites, Ceremonies as well as for establishing the form of making, ordaining and consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the Church of England. This required the use of the rites, ceremnoies and church services as stated in the book of common prayers. More than two thousand clergymen left the church as they rejected to accept the above mentioned conditions.
The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was one of the four statues of the Clarendon Code and marked the time as the Great Ejection.

== Source: ==

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer#ref=ref196257

Cannon, John Ashton: ''The Oxford Companion to British history''.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Jowitt, William A. ''The Dictionary of English Law''.London: Sweet and Maxwell Publications, 1965.

Wade, Emlyn Capel Stewart Capel Stewart. ''Constitutional law - an outline of the law and practice of the constitution, including administrative law, English local government, the constitutional relations of the British Commonwealth and Empire and the Church of England''.London: Longmans Publishing, 1948.

Book of Common Prayer

2009-07-21T18:32:53Z

Chris84:

Book of Common Prayer

2009-07-21T15:18:56Z

Chris84:

== The Book of Common Prayer ==

The book of common prayer was an agenda of the anglican church and it functioned as an administration of the sacraments, rites and ceremonies as well as the form and manner of making, ordaining and consecrating bishops, priests and deacons.

The book of common prayer was published 1549 for the first time in England. The book contained the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in the church. Furthermore it included morning prayer, evening prayer and the Holy Communion as well as the set out forms for funeral service, confirmation or marriage.

Revised versions have been published in the years of 1552, 1559, 1604 and 1662.
Not all church of england services had followed the book of common prayer despite the Act of Uniformity 1559 which had specified the agenda as binding.

In May 1662 another Act of Uniformity, which established the autarchy of the anglican church after the death of Cromwell, was given royal assent and the revised prayer book became the ultimate code of anglican churchmanship.
From that time on all church of england services had to accept and conduct the forms and manners of the book of common prayer.

"Outside the Commonwealth most churches of the Anglican Communion possess their own variants of the English prayer book" (Britannica online)

== Source: ==

Benton, J.H.: ''The book of common prayer - its origin and growth''.1910. Boston

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer

Davies, Horton: ''Worship and Theology in England''.1970. Princeton

Ratcliff, Edward: ''The books of common prayer - its making and revisions''. Watford

Act of Uniformity

2009-07-21T13:11:14Z

Chris84:

== Acts of Uniformity ==

In the english history there were four Acts of Uniformity all of which had the function to establish an orthodoxy with the church of england, meaning to accept the forms and manners for church service of the Book of Common Prayers.

== Act of Uniformity 1549 ==

The Act of Uniformity in 1549 constituted the claim that the Book of Common Prayers was the only legal form of worship. Any clergy holding a church service not according to the forms and manners of this book forfeited all lands and status.

== Act of Uniformity 1552 ==

The Act of Uniformity 1552 was enacted in 1552 by Edward VI of England with the purpose to make England more protestant. Therefore the Book of Common Prayer was substituted by a revised and protestant Book of Common Prayer. Anyone attending a church service without following the forms and manners of this book was imprisoned.

== Act of Uniformity 1559 ==

Under Queen Elizabeth who wanted to unify the anglican church the Act of Uniformity of 1559 restored a slightly revised book of common prayers from 1552 which allowed the belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Furthermore the order of prayers to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer set and every man to attent church service once a week and every Sunday.
Violations of these obligations were punished.

== Act of Uniformity 1662 ==

The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was an Act of the Parliament for the Uniformity of public prayers and Administration of Sacraments, Rites, Ceremonies as well as for establishing the form of making, ordaining and consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the Church of England. This required the use of the rites, ceremnoies and church services as stated in the book of common prayers. More than two thousand clergymen left the church as they rejected to accept the above mentioned conditions.
The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was one of the four statues of the Clarendon Code and marked the time as the Great Ejection.

== Source: ==

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer#ref=ref196257

Cannon, John Ashton: The Oxford Companion to British history.1997. Oxford

Jowitt, William A. ''The Dictionary of English Law''.1965. London

Wade, Emlyn Capel Stewart Capel Stewart. ''Constitutional law - an outline of the law and practice of the constitution, including administrative law, English local government, the constitutional relations of the British Commonwealth and Empire and the Church of England''.1948. London

Act of Uniformity

2009-07-21T13:10:43Z

Chris84: Created page with '== Acts of Uniformity == In the english history there were four Acts of Uniformity all of which had the function to establish an orthodoxy with the church of england, meaning to…'

== Acts of Uniformity ==

In the english history there were four Acts of Uniformity all of which had the function to establish an orthodoxy with the church of england, meaning to accept the forms and manners for church service of the Book of Common Prayers.

== Act of Uniformity of 1549 ==

The Act of Uniformity in 1549 constituted the claim that the Book of Common Prayers was the only legal form of worship. Any clergy holding a church service not according to the forms and manners of this book forfeited all lands and status.

== Act of Uniformity of 1552 ==

The Act of Uniformity 1552 was enacted in 1552 by Edward VI of England with the purpose to make England more protestant. Therefore the Book of Common Prayer was substituted by a revised and protestant Book of Common Prayer. Anyone attending a church service without following the forms and manners of this book was imprisoned.

== Act of Uniformity of 1559 ==

Under Queen Elizabeth who wanted to unify the anglican church the Act of Uniformity of 1559 restored a slightly revised book of common prayers from 1552 which allowed the belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Furthermore the order of prayers to be used in the English Book of Common Prayer set and every man to attent church service once a week and every Sunday.
Violations of these obligations were punished.

== Act of Uniformity of 1662 ==

The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was an Act of the Parliament for the Uniformity of public prayers and Administration of Sacraments, Rites, Ceremonies as well as for establishing the form of making, ordaining and consecrating Bishops, Priests and Deacons in the Church of England. This required the use of the rites, ceremnoies and church services as stated in the book of common prayers. More than two thousand clergymen left the church as they rejected to accept the above mentioned conditions.
The Act of Uniformity of 1662 was one of the four statues of the Clarendon Code and marked the time as the Great Ejection.

== Source: ==

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer#ref=ref196257

Cannon, John Ashton: The Oxford Companion to British history.1997. Oxford

Jowitt, William A. ''The Dictionary of English Law''.1965. London

Wade, Emlyn Capel Stewart Capel Stewart. ''Constitutional law - an outline of the law and practice of the constitution, including administrative law, English local government, the constitutional relations of the British Commonwealth and Empire and the Church of England''.1948. London

Book of Common Prayer

2009-07-21T11:49:54Z

Chris84: Created page with '== The Book of Common Prayer == The book of common prayer was an agenda of the anglican chruch and it functioned as an administration of the sacraments, rites and ceremonies as …'

== The Book of Common Prayer ==

The book of common prayer was an agenda of the anglican chruch and it functioned as an administration of the sacraments, rites and ceremonies as well as the form and manner of making, ordaining and consecrating bishops, priests and deacons.

The book of common prayer was published 1549 for the first time in England. The book contained the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in the church. Furthermore it included morning prayer, evening prayer and the Holy Communion as well as the set out forms for funeral service, confirmation or marriage.

Revised versions have been published in the years of 1552, 1559, 1604 and 1662.
Not all church of england services had followed the book of common prayer despite the Act of Uniformity 1559 which had specified the agenda as binding.

In May 1662 another Act of Uniformity, which established the autarchy of the anglican church after the death of Cromwell, was given royal assent and the revised prayer book became the ultimate code of anglican churchmanship.
From that time on all church of england services had to accept and conduct the forms and manners of the book of common prayer.

"Outside the Commonwealth most churches of the Anglican Communion possess their own variants of the English prayer book" (Britannica online)

== Source: ==

Benton, J.H.: ''The book of common prayer - its origin and growth''.1910. Boston

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/128612/Book-of-Common-Prayer

Davies, Horton: ''Worship and Theology in England''.1970. Princeton

Ratcliff, Edward: ''The books of common prayer - its making and revisions''. Watford

Victoria

2009-07-20T20:30:04Z

Chris84: Created page with '== Queen Victoria * 1819 † 1901== Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in Kensington Pa…'

== Queen Victoria * 1819 † 1901==

Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in Kensington Palace in London.

Victoria was almost entirely German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school.
At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice.

She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for more than 63 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time.
The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity.
Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.

Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe".

After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in Osborne House, Isle of Wight and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.

== Source: ==

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria

St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''.1991

Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''.1945

Battle of Edgehill

2009-07-20T16:25:41Z

Chris84: Created page with '== The Battle of Edgehill == The battle of Edgehill was the first battle in the First English Civil War between the two opposing forces, the Royalists army under Prince Rupert,…'

== The Battle of Edgehill ==

The battle of Edgehill was the first battle in the First English Civil War between the two opposing forces, the Royalists army under Prince Rupert, Charles nephew, and the Parliament's army under the Earl of Essex. It took place on October the 23rd, 1642 in Edgehill, Warwickshire.

== Background ==

King Charles I did not agree with Parliament over the government of the Kingdom as he strongly believed in the rights of the monarch to rule as he liked who in contrast believed equally strongly in their right to approve or deny decisions of the crown. This circumstances lead to the First British Civil war with the confrontation in Edgehill being the first armed battle in that conflict.

== The Battle ==

The Royal army was marching towards London which was defended by the Parliament's army. Essex marched out in order to stop the king who tried to reach the capitol, London. The Royal army met the parliament's army near Edgehill where the battle took place.
Under consistent artillery fire from both sides the royal cavalry started a successfull attack on the parliament's army and pushed back the opposing cavalry from the battle field leaving the rest of the king's army behind.
Without the strenght of the royal cavalry the Parliament's troops were superior to the royal's army and were finally able to push back the Royalists. The return of Rupert and his men balanced the army's strenght and both parties disengaged.

== Result of the battle ==

On the first day of the battle no side was victorious over the other. On the following day both armys formed up again but neither of them continued battle due to a lack of strenght and their armies being damaged too badly. As a result the Parliament's army under the Earl of Essex made a strategic withdrawal back to Warwick. Therefore on October the 25th the road to London was free for the Roylist's army which marched on towards London.
Instead of directly trying to take London the king decided to take Banbury and Brentford first giving the Earl of Essex time to regroup and reinforce his army for defence in London.
As a result the king did not try to attack London with his inferior army and therefore he established his capital at Oxford.

== Sources ==

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179103/Battle-of-Edgehill

Cobbett, William: Parliamentary History of England, 1807. London. Vol.2

Cobbett, William: Parliamentary History of England, 1808. London. Vol.3