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Thomas Chippendale

2010-01-06T15:52:33Z

Catherine the Great: Created page with ' == Thomas Chippendale == baptized June 5, 1718 died November 1779 Thomas Chippendale is one of the leading cabinetmkers of the 18th century in England. == Early Life == Th…'

== Thomas Chippendale ==
baptized June 5, 1718
died November 1779

Thomas Chippendale is one of the leading cabinetmkers of the 18th century in England.

== Early Life ==

Thomas Chipendale was a son of the carpenter. He was born in Otley, West Yorkshire. There is not any information about his early life untill his marriage to Catherine Redshaw in London in 1748. In 1753 he moved to 60, 61, 62 St. Martin's Lane, where he had workshops and a timber yard. In due course the Chippendales had nine children.

== "Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director" ==

Thomas Chippendale first became famous when he published his book under the title "Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director" (1754). The book was illustrated with examples of work that he had produced for his clients. The book was enthusiastically received, and furniture based on Chippendale’s designs was crafted in England, on the European continent, and in the American Colonies. Tree editions were published, the first in 1754, followed by a reprint in 1755, and finally an enlarged edition in 1762.
Chippendale designs fall into three main styles: Gothic, Rococo (called modern in the pattern book), and Chinese. Chippendale blended these disparate stylistic elements into harmonious and unified designs. The term Chippendale specifically refers to English furniture of the 1750s and ’60s made in a modified Rococo style.

== References ==
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/113138/Thomas-Chippendale
http://www.thomaschippendalefurniture.com/Home_Page.htm
''Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director, 1754''
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/DLDecArts/DLDecArts-idx?id=DLDecArts.ChippGentCab

Samuel Whitbread

2009-12-10T13:38:29Z

Catherine the Great:

== Samuel Whitbread ==
(30 August 1720 - 11 June 1796)

Samuel Whitbread was an English brewer and a member of the English Parliament.

== Biography ==
Samuel Whitbread was the seventh of eight children. He was born at Cardington near Bedfordshire. At the age of fourteen he moved to London and worked as an apprentice at a brewery.
In 1742 Samuel Whitbread invested 2,600 pounds into two small breweries owned by the Shewell family, the Goat Brewery House and a brewery at Brick Lane. The Goat Brewery produced porter while the brewery at Brick Lane produced pale and ambre beer. The porter became very popular so Whitbread built a new brewery at Chiswell Street to keep up with the demand.
In 1751 a report was published which claimed that gin was a very dangerous drink and was causing deaths of many people. As a result the Parliament passed the legislation, which controled the sale of cheap gin. Whitbread used this situation and promoted his beer as a healthy drink. By 1758 his company was selling 65,00 barrels of porter per year.
In 1765 he bought out Thomas Shewell for 30,000 pounds and became one of the largest brewers of porter in England. Whitbread was one of the first who purchased a Boulton and Watt's stream engine in 1786. This enabled him to encrease the production of porter to 143,000 barrels a year. He became the largest brewer in Britain.

== Private Life ==
Samuel Whitbread married Harriet Hayton. In 1764 a son was born. Harriet died in 1764 and Whitbread married mary Cornwallis in 1769. His second wife died in childbirth the following year. In 1791 he bought Lord Torrington's Southill estate in Bedfordshire. When he died, the Gentleman's magazine claimed that he was "worth over a million pounds".

== Parliament ==
Samuel Whitbread was a very rich person, that enabled him to enter the Parliament. In 1768 he was elected Member of Parliament for Bedford and held his position untill 1790. In May 1787 the brewery was visited by King George III and Queen Charlotte.

== References ==
http://www.bedfordshire.gov.uk
http://www.whitbread.co.uk/about_us.cfm?id=whitbread_key_dates
Brown, Bernard Michael. The Brewer's Art. London: Whitbread. 1948.

Samuel Whitbread

2009-12-10T13:29:17Z

Catherine the Great: /* Samuel Whitebread */

== Samuel Whitbread ==
(30 August 1720 - 11 June 1796)

Samuel Whitbread was an English brewer and a member of the English Parliament.

== Biography ==
Samuel Whitbread was one the seventh of eight children. He was born at Cardington near Bedfordshire. At the age of fourteen he moved to London and worked as an apprentice at a brewery.
In 1742 Samuel Whitbread invested 2,600 pounds into two small breweries owned by the Shewell family, the Goat Brewery House and a brewery at Brick Lane. The Goat Brewery produced porter while the brewery at brick Lane produced pale and ambre beer. The porter became very popular so Whitbread built a new brewery at Chiswell Street to keep up with the demand.
In 1751 a report was published which claimed that gin was a very dangerous drink and was causing deaths of many people. As a result the Parliament passed the legislation, which controled the sale of cheap gin. Whitbread used this situation and promoted his beer as a healthy drink. By 1758 his company was selling 65,00 barrels of porter per year.
In 1765 he bought out Thomas Shewell for 30,000 pounds and became one of the largest brewers of porter in England. Whitbread was one of the first who purchased a Boulton and Watt's stream engine in 1786. This enabled him to encrease the production of porter to 143,000 barrels a year. he became the largest brewer in Britain.

== Private Life ==
Samuel Whitbread married Harriet Hayton. In 1764 a son was born. Harriet died in 1764 and Whitbread married mary Cornwallis in 1769. His second wife died in childbirth the following year. In 1791 he bought Lord Torrington's Southill estate in Bedfordshire. When he died, the Gentleman's magazine claimed that he was "worth over a million pounds".

== Parliament ==
Samuel Whitbread was a very rich person, that enabled him to enter the Parliament. in 1768 he was elected Member of Parliament for Bedford and held his position untill 1790. In May 1787 the brewery was visited by King george III and Queen Charlotte.

Samuel Whitbread

2009-12-10T13:29:00Z

Catherine the Great: /* Biography */

== Samuel Whitebread ==
(30 August 1720 - 11 June 1796)

Samuel Whitebread was an English brewer and a member of the English Parliament.

== Biography ==
Samuel Whitbread was one the seventh of eight children. He was born at Cardington near Bedfordshire. At the age of fourteen he moved to London and worked as an apprentice at a brewery.
In 1742 Samuel Whitbread invested 2,600 pounds into two small breweries owned by the Shewell family, the Goat Brewery House and a brewery at Brick Lane. The Goat Brewery produced porter while the brewery at brick Lane produced pale and ambre beer. The porter became very popular so Whitbread built a new brewery at Chiswell Street to keep up with the demand.
In 1751 a report was published which claimed that gin was a very dangerous drink and was causing deaths of many people. As a result the Parliament passed the legislation, which controled the sale of cheap gin. Whitbread used this situation and promoted his beer as a healthy drink. By 1758 his company was selling 65,00 barrels of porter per year.
In 1765 he bought out Thomas Shewell for 30,000 pounds and became one of the largest brewers of porter in England. Whitbread was one of the first who purchased a Boulton and Watt's stream engine in 1786. This enabled him to encrease the production of porter to 143,000 barrels a year. he became the largest brewer in Britain.

== Private Life ==
Samuel Whitbread married Harriet Hayton. In 1764 a son was born. Harriet died in 1764 and Whitbread married mary Cornwallis in 1769. His second wife died in childbirth the following year. In 1791 he bought Lord Torrington's Southill estate in Bedfordshire. When he died, the Gentleman's magazine claimed that he was "worth over a million pounds".

== Parliament ==
Samuel Whitbread was a very rich person, that enabled him to enter the Parliament. in 1768 he was elected Member of Parliament for Bedford and held his position untill 1790. In May 1787 the brewery was visited by King george III and Queen Charlotte.

Samuel Whitbread

2009-12-10T13:10:09Z

Catherine the Great: Created page with '== Samuel Whitebread == (30 August 1720 - 11 June 1796) Samuel Whitebread was an English brewer and a member of the English Parliament. == Biography == Samuel Whitebread wa…'

== Samuel Whitebread ==
(30 August 1720 - 11 June 1796)

Samuel Whitebread was an English brewer and a member of the English Parliament.

== Biography ==
Samuel Whitebread was one the seventh of eight children. He was born at Cardington near Bedfordshire. At the age of fourteen he moved to London and worked as an apprentice at a brewery.
In 1742 Samuel Whitebread invested 2,600 pounds into two small breweries owned by the Shewell family. He started brewing at the Goat Brewhouse, which produced porter.

War of the Austrian Succession

2009-11-06T14:57:24Z

Catherine the Great:

The War of Austrian Succession is a conglomeration of related wars 1740- 1748

== '''Preconditions''' ==

On the 20th of October, 1740, Holy Roman emperor and the head of the Austrian branch Charles VI died.
After the death of his only son Charles VI promulgate Pragmatic Sanction, a royal act, which secured succession of Maria Theresia, his only daughter, to the domains of the Habsburgs. Most European powers recognized this act, however after the death of Charles VI Frederick II of Prussia declared war on Maria Theresia.

== '''Course of Events''' ==

The War of the Austrian Succession began on December 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussian declared war on Maria Theresia and invaded Silesia, a province with a large population and flourishing iron and textile industries. His army defeated the Austrians and most of the territory was ceded to Prussian.
The rest of the Europe seeing that the Habsburg dominions were incapable to defeat themselves wanted to take a piece of Maria Theresia's Empire too. The war turned out to be global.
At about the same time Charles Albrecht of Bavaria declared himself Holy Emperor Charles VII. France constructed an alliance with Bavaria and declared war on Maria Theresia. Austria derived foreign support from Britain, which feared French hegemony in Europe. Thus, the war of the Austrian Succession is only one phase of the struggle between France and Britain that lasted from 1689 to 1815.
In July 1742 Austria neutralized Prussia and drove French and Bavarians out of Bohemia. Austria's allies - the British, Hanoverians and Hessians defeated the French at the Battle of Dettingen (June 27, 1743)
In January 1745 the emperor Charles VII (Charles Albert of bavaria) died.

== '''End of the War''' ==

From 1746 to 1748 the war dragged on indecisively. The financial burden was too large for the countries and it pushed them to the conference table.
In 1748 in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Marie Theresa’s husband Francis became the Holy Roman Emperor, while Marie Theresa ruled Austria and the Hapsburg lands. Prussia was allowed to keep Silesia. However, none of the conflict between France and Britain was not resolved.

== '''Consequences''' ==
Although the war did not change the borders of European countries of that time greatly, it can be regarded as the World war. Actually behind the War of Austrian Succession there was a war between France and Britain.

== '''Sources''' ==
1. "The War of Austrian Succession". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44477/War-of-the-Austrian-Succession
2. Anderson, Matthew S. ''The War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748''. London: Longman. 1995.

War of the Austrian Succession

2009-11-06T14:55:23Z

Catherine the Great: /* Course of Events */

The War of Austrian Succession is a conglomeration of related wars 1740- 1748-

== '''Preconditions''' ==

On the 20th of October, 1740, Holy Roman emperor and the head of the Austrian branch Charles VI died.
After the death of his only son Charles VI promulgate Pragmatic Sanction, a royal act, which secured succession of Maria Theresia, his only daughter, to the domains of the Habsburgs. Most European powers recognized this act, however after the death of Charles VI Frederick II of Prussia declared war on Maria Theresia.

== '''Course of Events''' ==

The War of the Austrian Succession began on December 16, 1740. Frederick II of Prussian declared war on Maria Theresia and invaded Silesia, a province with a large population and flourishing iron and textile industries. His army defeated the Austrians and most of the territory was ceded to Prussian.
The rest of the Europe seeing that the Habsburg dominions were incapable to defeat themselves wanted to take a piece of Maria Theresia's Empire too. The war turned out to be global.
At about the same time Charles Albrecht of Bavaria declared himself Holy Emperor Charles VII. France constructed an alliance with Bavaria and declared war on Maria Theresia. Austria derived foreign support from Britain, which feared French hegemony in Europe. Thus, the war of the Austrian Succession is only one phase of the struggle between France and Britain that lasted from 1689 to 1815.
In July 1742 Austria neutralized Prussia and drove French and Bavarians out of Bohemia. Austria's allies - the British, Hanoverians and Hessians defeated the French at the Battle of Dettingen (June 27, 1743)
In January 1745 the emperor Charles VII (Charles Albert of bavaria) died.

== '''End of the War''' ==

From 1746 to 1748 the war dragged on indecisively. The financial burden was too large for the countries and it pushed them to the conference table.
In 1748 in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Marie Theresa’s husband Francis became the Holy Roman Emperor, while Marie Theresa ruled Austria and the Hapsburg lands. Prussia was allowed to keep Silesia. However, none of the conflict between France and Britain was not resolved.

== '''Consequences''' ==
Although the war did not change the borders of European countries of that time greatly, it can be regarded as the World war.Actually behind the War of Austrian Succession there was a war between France and Britain.

== '''Sources''' ==
1. "The War of Austrian Succession". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44477/War-of-the-Austrian-Succession
2. Anderson, Matthew S. ''''The War of Austrian Succession'', 1740-1748''. London: Longman. 1995.

War of the Austrian Succession

2009-11-06T14:54:32Z

Catherine the Great: /* Preconditions */

War of the Austrian Succession

2009-11-06T14:52:48Z

Catherine the Great: Created page with 'The War of Austrian Succession is a conglomeration of related wars 1740- 1748- == '''Preconditions''' == On the 20th of October, 1740, Holy Roman emperor and the head of the Au…'