British Culture - User contributions [en]

Sophia of Zelle

2010-07-14T09:07:09Z

Annalange:

Born September, 15 1666 in Celle, died November, 13 1726 in the Castle of Ahlden. Became Queen of England by marrying her cousin [[George I|George]]. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.

== Early life ==

Sophia Dorothea was the only child of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and his wife Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse. Because her parents didn't have any sons, Sophia was the only successor, which made her a very eligible marriage partner. The list of suitors was long, even Charles XI, King of Sweden, wanted to marry her. But in order to keep the money in the family, her father gave her to her cousin George Louis, who later became King George I.
The two of them married in 1682 and had two children, a son named [[George II|George Augustus]] born in 1683 and a daughter named Sophia Dorothea born in 1687.

== The Affair ==

The marriage was unhappy. George preferred the presence of his mistress Melusina von Schulenburg over his wife, and the limited amount of time he spent with her,he was very formal to her and frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette.
It was under these circumstances that Sophia Dorothea re-made the acquaintance of Philip Christoph von Königsmarck.The two first met in Celle when he was sixteen but there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything but platonic. After he returned from a military expedition to the Peloponnesus in 1690 the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified. They began sending each other love letters, which found their way to the king and the affair became public. In the night of July, 1 1694 Philip Christoph von Königsmarck disappeared, his body was never found. One can safely assume that he was killed on behalf of George Louis.

== Imprisonment ==

The princess was divorced by her husband and imprisoned for life in the Castle of Ahlden. She made several attempts to see her children but her requests were denied. Sophia Dorothea died in 13 November 1726, after 33 years of imprisonment.

'''Sources:'''

Wikipedia article
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Celle]

Leibniz encyclopedia article
[http://www.gwleibniz.com/sophie_dorothea_celle/sophie_dorothea_celle.html]

Residenzmuseum Celle

[http://www.celle.de/showobject.phtml?object=tx%7C342.17281.1]

Sophia of Zelle

2010-07-14T09:04:10Z

Annalange:

Born September, 15 1666 in Celle, died November, 13 1726 in the Castle of Ahlden. Became Queen of England by marrying her cousin [[George I|George]]. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.

== Early life ==

Sophia Dorothea was the only child of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and his wife Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse. Because her parents didn't have any sons, Sophia was the only successor, which made her a very eligible marriage partner. The list of suitors was long, even Charles XI, King of Sweden, wanted to marry her. But in order to keep the money in the family, her father gave her to her cousin George Louis, who later became King George I.
The two of them married in 1682 and had two children, a son named [[George II|George Augustus]] born in 1683 and a daughter named Sophia Dorothea born in 1687.

== The Affair ==

The marriage was unhappy. George preferred the presence of his mistress Melusina von Schulenburg over his wife, and the limited amount of time he spent with her,he was very formal to her and frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette.
It was under these circumstances that Sophia Dorothea re-made the acquaintance of Philip Christoph von Königsmarck.The two first met in Celle when he was sixteen but there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything but platonic. After he returned from a military expedition to the Peloponnesus in 1690 the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified. They began sending each other love letters, which found their way to the king and the affair became public.In the night of July, 1 vom 1.1694 Philip Christoph von Königsmarck disappeared, his body was never found. One can safely asssume that he was killed on behalf of George Louis.

== Imprisonment ==

The princess was divorced by her husband and imprisoned for life in the Castle of Ahlden. She made several attempts to see her children but her requests were denied. Sophia Dorothea died in 13 November 1726, after 33 years of imprisonment.

'''Sources:'''

Wikipedia article
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Celle]

Leibniz encyclopedia article
[http://www.gwleibniz.com/sophie_dorothea_celle/sophie_dorothea_celle.html]

Residenzmuseum Celle

[http://www.celle.de/showobject.phtml?object=tx%7C342.17281.1]

Sophia of Zelle

2010-07-14T09:03:15Z

Annalange:

Born September, 15 1666 in Celle, died November, 13 1726 in the Castle of Ahlden. Became Queen of England by marrying her cousin [[George I|George]]. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.

== Early life ==

Sophia Dorothea was the only child of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and his wife Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse. Because her parents didn't have any sons, Sophia was the only successor, which made her a very eligible marriage partner. The list of suitors was long, even Charles XI, King of Sweden, wanted to marry her. But in order to keep the money in the family, her father gave her to her cousin George Louis, who later became King George I.
The two of them married in 1682 and had two children, a son named [[George II|George Augustus]] born in 1683 and a daughter named Sophia Dorothea born in 1687.

== The Affair ==

The marriage was unhappy. George preferred the presence of his mistress Melusina von Schulenburg over his wife, and the limited amount of time he spent with her,he was very formal to her and frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette.
It was under these circumstances that Sophia Dorothea re-made the acquaintance of Philip Christoph von Königsmarck.The two first met in Celle when he was sixteen but there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything but platonic. After he returned from a military expedition to the Peloponnesus in 1690 the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified. They began sending each other love letters, which found their way to the king and the affair became public.In the night of July, 1 vom 1.1694 Philip Christoph von Königsmarck disappeared, his body was never found. One can safely asssume that he was killed on behalf of George Louis.

== Imprisonment ==

The princess was divorced by her husband and imprisoned for life in the Castle of Ahlden. She made several attempts to see her children but her requests were denied. Sophia Dorothea died in 13 November 1726, after 33 years of imprisonment.

Sources:

Wikipedia article
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Celle]

Leibniz encyclopedia article
[http://www.gwleibniz.com/sophie_dorothea_celle/sophie_dorothea_celle.html]

Residenzmuseum Celle

[http://www.celle.de/showobject.phtml?object=tx%7C342.17281.1]

Sophia of Zelle

2010-07-14T08:52:26Z

Annalange:

Born September, 15 1666 in Celle, died November, 13 1726 in the Castle of Ahlden. Became Queen of England by marrying her cousin [[George I|George]]. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.

== Early life ==

Sophia Dorothea was the only child of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and his wife Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse. Because her parents didn't have any sons, Sophia was the only successor, which made her a very eligible marriage partner. The list of suitors was long, even Charles XI, King of Sweden, wanted to marry her. But in order to keep the money in the family, her father gave her to her cousin George Louis, who later became King George I.
The two of them married in 1682 and had two children, a son named [[George II|George Augustus]] born in 1683 and a daughter named Sophia Dorothea born in 1687.

== The Affair ==

The marriage was unhappy. George preferred the presence of his mistress Melusina von Schulenburg over his wife, and the limited amount of time he spent with her,he was very formal to her and frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette.
It was under these circumstances that Sophia Dorothea re-made the acquaintance of Philip Christoph von Königsmarck.The two first met in Celle when he was sixteen but there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything but platonic. After he returned from a military expedition to the Peloponnesus in 1690 the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified. They began sending each other love letters, which found their way to the king and the affair became public.In the night of July, 1 vom 1.1694 Philip Christoph von Königsmarck disappeared, his body was never found. One can safely asssume that he was killed on behalf of George Louis.

== Imprisonment ==

The princess was divorced by her husband and imprisoned for life in the Castle of Ahlden. She made several attempts to see her children but her requests were denied. Sophia Dorothea died in 13 November 1726, after 33 years of imprisonment.

Sources:
Wikipedia article
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Dorothea_of_Celle]

Sophia of Zelle

2010-07-13T13:10:42Z

Annalange:

'''1666-1726. Wife of [[George I]]. Part of marriage dramas.'''

Sophia Dorothea of Celle (* September, 15 1666 in Celle; † November, 13 1726 in Castle of Ahlden) became Queen of England by marrying her cousin. She is bset remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.

== Early life ==

Sophia Dorothea was the only child of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg and his wife Eleonore Desmier d'Olbreuse. Because her parents didn't have any sons, Sophia was the only successor, which made her a very eligible marriage partner. The list of suitors was long, even Charles XI, King of Sweden wanted to marry her. But in order to keep the money in the family, her father gave her to her cousin George Luis, who later became King George I.
The two of them married in 1682 and had two children, a son named George Augustus born in 1683 and a daughter named Sophia Dorothea born in 1687.

== The Affair ==

The marriage was unhappy. George preferred the presence of his mistress Melusina von Schulenburg over his wife, and the limited amount of time he spent with her,he was very formal to her andfrequently scolded for her lack of etiquette.

Royal Academy of Arts

2010-06-01T08:56:53Z

Annalange:

== History ==

The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768 by a group of prominent artists and architects, among them Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir William Chambers.
Under the patronage of[[ George III]] the new founded institution set out to promote and showcase British arts and architecture.
During the first three years the Academy was situated in the City of Westminster. Since 1868, after a few relocations, the Royal Academy now resides in Burlington House.

== Membership ==

Members are called Academicians and are elected by their peers. The number of Academicians is restricted to 80 and include painters, sculptors, engravers, printmakers, draughtsmen and architects. The current President of the Academy is Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, an architect. He is the 25th President in he history of the Royal Academy.
Although under the patronage of the Royal House, The Royal Academy does not receive public funds but is self-financed through exhibition ticketing, private sponsorship and individual donations.

== Activities ==

The main event is an annual exhibition held since 1769 called the Summer Exhibition, where members and other selected artists get to show their work. The Summer exhibition is a big social event in London. The Royal Academy also hosts several temporary loan exhibitions.
The Royal Academy has a library with an important collection of books, archives and works of art.

'''Sources'''

Visit the Royal Academy here: [http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/]

Wikipedia article with a list of current and former members: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy]

Encyclopædia Britannica: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511208/Royal-Academy-of-Arts]

Royal Academy of Arts

2010-06-01T08:56:00Z

Annalange:

== History ==

The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768 by a group of prominent artists and architects, among them Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir William Chambers.
Under the patronage of[[ George III]] the new founded institution set out to promote and showcase British arts and architecture.
During the first three years the Academy was situated in the City of Westminster. Since 1868, after a few relocations, the Royal Academy now resides in Burlington House.

== Membership ==

Members are called Academicians and are elected by their peers. The number of Academicians is restricted to 80 and include painters, sculptors, engravers, printmakers, draughtsmen and architects. The current President of the Academy is Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, an architect. He is the 25th President in he history of the Royal Academy.
Although under the patronage of the Royal House, The Royal Academy does not receive public funds but is self-financed through exhibition ticketing, private sponsorship and individual donations.

== Activities ==

The main event is an annual exhibition held since 1769 called the Summer Exhibition, where members and other selected artists get to show their work. The Summer exhibition is a big social event in London. The Royal Academy also hosts several temporary loan exhibitions.
The Royal Academy has a library with an important collection of books, archives and works of art.

Sources:

Visit the Royal Academy here: [http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/]

Wikipedia article with a list of current and former members: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy]

Encyclopædia Britannica: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511208/Royal-Academy-of-Arts]

Royal Academy of Arts

2010-06-01T08:55:27Z

Annalange:

== History ==

The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768 by a group of prominent artists and architects, among them Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir William Chambers.
Under the patronage of[[ George III]] the new founded institution set out to promote and showcase British arts and architecture.
During the first three years the Academy was situated in the City of Westminster. Since 1868, after a few relocations, the Royal Academy now resides in Burlington House.

== Membership ==

Members are called Academicians and are elected by their peers. The number of Academicians is restricted to 80 and include painters, sculptors, engravers, printmakers, draughtsmen and architects. The current President of the Academy is Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, an architect. He is the 25th President in he history of the Royal Academy.
Although under the patronage of the Royal House, The Royal Academy does not receive public funds but is self-financed through exhibition ticketing, private sponsorship and individual donations.

== Activities ==

The main event is an annual exhibition held since 1769 called the Summer Exhibition, where members and other selected artists get to show their work. The Summer exhibition is a big social event in London. The Royal Academy also hosts several temporary loan exhibitions.
The Royal Academy has a library with an important collection of books, archives and works of art.

Sources:

Visit the Royal Academy here: [http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/]
Wikipedia article with a list of current and former members: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy]
Encyclopædia Britannica: [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/511208/Royal-Academy-of-Arts]

Royal Academy of Arts

2010-06-01T08:46:58Z

Annalange: Created page with '== History == The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768 by a group of prominent artists and architects, among them Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir William Chambers. Under the pa…'

== History ==

The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768 by a group of prominent artists and architects, among them Sir Joshua Reynolds and Sir William Chambers.
Under the patronage of George III the new founded institution set out to promote and showcase British arts and architecture.
During the first three years the Academy was situated in the City of Westminster. Since 1868, after a few relocations, the Royal Academy now resides in Burlington House.

== Membership ==

Members are called Academicians and are elected by their peers. The number of Academicians is restricted to 80 and include painters, sculptors, engravers, printmakers, draughtsmen and architects. The current President of the Academy is Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, an architect. He is the 25th President in he history of the Royal Academy.
Although under the patronage of the Royal House, The Royal Academy does not receive public funds but is self-financed through exhibition ticketing, private sponsorship and individual donations.

== Activities ==

The main event is an annual exhibition held since 1769 called the Summer Exhibition, where members and other selected artists get to show their work. The Summer exhibition is a big social event in London. The Royal Academy also hosts several temporary loan exhibitions.
The Royal Academy has a library with an important collection of books, archives and works of art.

Sources:

Visit the Royal Academy at [http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/]

Tilbury Speech

2010-05-04T12:28:58Z

Annalange: Created page with '== Tilbury Speech == The speech was delivered by Queen Elizabeth I to her troops in August 1588. England prepared for a battle against King Philip of Spain and his Armada. Prio…'

== Tilbury Speech ==

The speech was delivered by Queen Elizabeth I to her troops in August 1588. England prepared for a battle against King Philip of Spain and his Armada.

Prior to the speech the English troops had made a partial victory by destroying several Spanish ships at the naval battle of Gravelines, but the danger of invasion was not averted yet.
In her speech Elizabeth commented on the allegation that she as a female monarch was weaker than a male successor and therefore not suited to lead the nation into war.
Hence the probably most famous line from the Tilbury speech:
''
"I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king."''

There are two versions of the speech. The first, more common version is from a letter written by Dr Leonel Sharp to the Duke of Buckingham in 1623 where he recalled the speech. The second version recalled by William Leigh dates back to 1612.

Listen to a recording of the speech (first version by Dr Leonel Sharp) on Youtube:

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSV7zSjbrts]

'''Sources:'''

www.tudorhistory.org [http://tudorhistory.org/primary/tilbury.html]

www.wikipedia.org [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury]

www.englishhistory.net [http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz5.html]

Calvinism

2009-07-22T17:26:06Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after [[John Calvin]]

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the[[ protestant church]].
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as [[Luther]] , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

----

Calvinism is often summarized by the '''Five Points of Calvinism:'''

- Total depravity

- Unconditional election

- Limited atonement

- Irresistible Grace

- Perseverance of the saints

----

'''Sources'''

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]

Kalvinismus: Brockhaus, 21 July 2009 [http://www.brockhaus.de/aktuell/thema.php?t_id=214]

Lectures on Calvinism: The Stone Lectures of 1898 Kuyper, Abraham, Six Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, 1898, 22 July 2009 [http://www.lgmarshall.org/Reformed/kuyper_lecturescalvinism.html]

Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Francis Bacon

2009-07-22T17:23:46Z

Annalange:

'''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman.

----

'''Life'''

At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his elder brother was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. This is where he became interested in philosophy and where he first met the Queen who was impressed by his intellect. After the death of his father in 1579, he was left with no fortune and was in need to find a profession. He became a lawyer but never deserted his first interest, philosophy. In 1584 he entered the [[House of Commons]] where two years later he took part in urging the execution of [[Mary Queen of Scots]]. In 1596 he was made a Queen's Counsel and one year later he published his first edition of essays. After the accession of [[James I]], Bacon's political career flourished and he became lord Chancellor. Finally, he was able to fully concentrate on his philosophical work. However, his political career ended in disgrace in 1621, after he had fallen into debt and was deprived of all public offices. Bacon died in 1626.

'''Philosphy'''

Bacon did not establish a philosophy but rather introduced a new method called the Baconian method or the scientific method. Up to Bacon's time, philosphy was not so much rooted in reason but in faith. But for Bacon, the philosopher is supposed to free his mind from false tendencies and notions. For him the importance of knowledge was emprically rooted in the natural world.

'''Important Works'''

The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/ecle.htm]

The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605) [http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/bacon/francis/b12a/]

Novum Organum (1620) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/bacon.htm]

'''Sources'''

Francis Bacon, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature, 20 July 2009 [http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/]

Francis Bacon, Wikipedia, 18 July 2009 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon]

Francis Bacon, Klein, Jürgen ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 21 July 2009 [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/]

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:52:12Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the protestant church.
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as Luther , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

----

Calvinism is often summarized by the '''Five Points of Calvinism:'''

- Total depravity

- Unconditional election

- Limited atonement

- Irresistible Grace

- Perseverance of the saints

----

'''Sources'''

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]

Kalvinismus: Brockhaus, 21 July 2009 [http://www.brockhaus.de/aktuell/thema.php?t_id=214]

Lectures on Calvinism: The Stone Lectures of 1898 Kuyper, Abraham, Six Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, 1898, 22 July 2009 [http://www.lgmarshall.org/Reformed/kuyper_lecturescalvinism.html]

Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:47:22Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the protestant church.
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as Luther , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

----

Calvinism is often summarized by the '''Five Points of Calvinism:'''

- Total depravity

- Unconditional election

- Limited atonement

- Irresistible Grace

- Perseverance of the saints

'''Sources'''

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]

Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Lectures on Calvinism: The Stone Lectures of 1898 Kuyper, Abraham, Six Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, 1898, 22 July 2009 [http://www.lgmarshall.org/Reformed/kuyper_lecturescalvinism.html]

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:46:04Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the protestant church.
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as Luther , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

Calvinism is often summarized by the '''Five Points of Calvinism:'''

- Total depravity

- Unconditional election

- Limited atonement

- Irresistible Grace

- Perseverance of the saints

'''Sources'''

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]

Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Lectures on Calvinism: The Stone Lectures of 1898 Kuyper, Abraham, Six Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, 1898, 22 July 2009 [http://www.lgmarshall.org/Reformed/kuyper_lecturescalvinism.html]

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:36:37Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the protestant church.
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as Luther , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

Calvinism is often summarized by the '''Five Points of Calvinism:'''

- Total depravity

- Unconditional election

- Limited atonement

- Irresistible Grace

- Perseverance of the saints

'''Sources'''

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]

Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:34:46Z

Annalange:

'''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin

----

Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great influence on the development of the protestant church.
The main points of Calvinism include the the belief in the sovereignty of God and the reading of Christian scriptures, all religious belief according to him should be founded on the literal reading of Scriptures, including church organization, political organization, and society itself.
Calvin, as well as Luther , denied man a free will caused by the original sin of Adam and Eve. But Calvin went further than Luther and developed the theory of predestination, meaning that God only chose a few men for salvation, while the others are damned. Hard work, austerity and faith lead to economic success, which is a sign of being one of God's chosen people. The concept of predestination also had an impact on the economy. During the 17th century Calvinism started spreading in Europe.

Calvinism is often summarized by the Five Points of Calvinism:

- Total depravity
- Unconditional election
- Limited atonement
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the saints

Sources

Calvinism: Catholic Encyclopedia, 21 July 2009 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03198a.htm]
Reformation: John Calvin. Hooker, Richard, Washington State University, 22 July 2009 [http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/CALVIN.HT]M

Calvinism

2009-07-22T16:08:56Z

Annalange: Created page with ''''Calvinism''' is a theological approach to a Christian lifestyle named after John Calvin ---- Calvins main work ''Christianae Religionis Institutio'' (1536-1559) had a great…'

Francis Bacon

2009-07-22T15:26:56Z

Annalange:

'''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman.

----

'''Life'''

At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his elder brother was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. This is where he became interested in philosophy and where he first met the Queen who was impressed by his intellect. After the death of his father in 1579, he was left with no fortune and was in need to find a profession. He became a lawyer but never deserted his first interest, philosophy. In 1584 he entered the House of Common where two years later he took part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. In 1596 he was made a Queen's Counsel and one year later he published his first edition of essays. After the accession of James I, Bacon's political career flourished and he became lord Chancellor. Finally, he was able to fully concentrate on his philosophical work. However, his political career ended in disgrace in 1621, after he had fallen into debt and was deprived of all public offices. Bacon died in 1626.

'''Philosphy'''

Bacon did not establish a philosophy but rather introduced a new method called the Baconian method or the scientific method. Up to Bacon's time, philosphy was not so much rooted in reason but in faith. But for Bacon, the philosopher is supposed to free his mind from false tendencies and notions. For him the importance of knowledge was emprically rooted in the natural world.

'''Important Works'''

The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/ecle.htm]

The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605) [http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/bacon/francis/b12a/]

Novum Organum (1620) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/bacon.htm]

'''Sources'''

Francis Bacon, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature, 20 July 2009 [http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/]

Francis Bacon, Wikipedia, 18 July 2009 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon]

Francis Bacon, Klein, Jürgen ed. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 21 July 2009 [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon/]

Francis Bacon

2009-07-22T15:14:23Z

Annalange:

'''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman.

----

'''Life'''
At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his elder brother was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. This is where he became interested in philosophy and where he first met the Queen who was impressed by his intellect. After the death of his father in 1579, he was left with no fortune and was in need to find a profession. He became a lawyer but never deserted his first interest, philosophy. In 1584 he entered the House of Common where two years later he took part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. In 1596 he was made a Queen's Counsel and one year later he published his first edition of essays. After the accession of James I, Bacon's political career flourished and he became lord Chancellor. Finally, he was able to fully concentrate on his philosophical work. However, his political career ended in disgrace in 1621, after he had fallen into debt and was deprived of all public offices. Bacon died in 1626.

'''Philosphy'''

Bacon did not establish a philosophy but rather introduced a new method called the Baconian method or the scientific method. Up to Bacon's time, philosphy was not so much rooted in reason but in faith. But for Bacon, the philosopher is supposed to free his mind from false tendencies and notions. For him the importance of knowledge was emprically rooted in the natural world.

'''Important Work's'''

The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/ecle.htm]

The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605) [http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/bacon/francis/b12a/]

Novum Organum (1620) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/bacon.htm]

'''Sources'''

[http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/]

Francis Bacon

2009-07-22T15:12:44Z

Annalange:

== '''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman. ==

'''Life'''
At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his elder brother was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. This is where he became interested in philosophy and where he first met the Queen who was impressed by his intellect. After the death of his father in 1579, he was left with no fortune and was in need to find a profession. He became a lawyer but never deserted his first interest, philosophy. In 1584 he entered the House of Common where two years later he took part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. In 1596 he was made a Queen's Counsel and one year later he published his first edition of essays. After the accession of James I, Bacon's political career flourished and he became lord Chancellor. Finally, he was able to fully concentrate on his philosophical work. However, his political career ended in disgrace in 1621, after he had fallen into debt and was deprived of all public offices. Bacon died in 1626.

'''Philosphy'''

Bacon did not establish a philosophy but rather introduced a new method called the Baconian method or the scientific method. Up to Bacon's time, philosphy was not so much rooted in reason but in faith. But for Bacon, the philosopher is supposed to free his mind from false tendencies and notions. For him the importance of knowledge was emprically rooted in the natural world.

'''Important Work's'''

The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/ecle.htm]

The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605) [http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/bacon/francis/b12a/]

Novum Organum (1620) [http://www.constitution.org/bacon/bacon.htm]

'''Sources'''

[http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/]

Francis Bacon

2009-07-22T15:02:50Z

Annalange: Created page with ''''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman. '''Life''' At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his eld…'

'''Francis Bacon''', (born January 22nd 1561 in London) was an English philosopher as well as a statesman.

'''Life'''
At the age of thirteen, Francis Bacon together with his elder brother was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge. This is where he became interested in philosophy and where he first met the Queen who was impressed by his intellect. After the death of his father in 1579, he was left with no fortune and was in need to find a profession. He became a lawyer but never deserted his first interest, philosophy. In 1584 he entered the House of Common where two years later he took part in urging the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. In 1596 he was made a Queen's Counsel and one year later he published his first edition of essays. After the accession of James I, Bacon's political career flourished and he became lord Chancellor. Finally, he was able to fully concentrate on his philosophical work. However, his political career ended in disgrace in 1621, after he had fallen into debt and was deprived of all public offices. Bacon died in 1626.

'''Philosphy'''

Bacon did not establish a philosophy but rather introduced a new method called the Baconian method or the scientific method. Up to Bacon's time, philosphy was not so much rooted in reason but in faith. But for Bacon, the philosopher is supposed to free his mind from false tendencies and notions. For him the importance of knowledge was emprically rooted in the natural world.

'''Important Work's'''

The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597)

[http://www.constitution.org/bacon/ecle.htm]

Toleration Act

2009-05-21T12:05:02Z

Annalange:

In May 24,1689 the Parliament passed an act granting religious freedom to dissenters of the [[Church of England]]. This did not include Catholics or [[Unitarians]], only Protestant denominations. The Act was established by William of Orange and Mary II during the [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688-89)

== ==

'''The Toleration Act''' allowed non-conformists to have their own places of worship including their own teachers and priests.In return, they had to take the [[Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy]] and also had to reject the transsubstantiation (which is the Catholic belief of bread and wine turning into the Body of Christ during mass.) The dissenters were only allowed to meet in registered, unlocked houses, religious meetings in private homes were forbidden.
Although the law was a step in the direction towards religious tolerance, dissenting Protestants still had to suffer from social and political restrictions imposed by the [[Clarendon Code]], such as exclusion from political office.

----
'''Primary source'''

An Act for Exempting their Majesties Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes[http://old.vts.edu/classes/lma6/TEXTS/TOLERATION%20ACT.pdf]

'''Secondary sources'''

"Toleration Act." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598612/Toleration-Act>.

JOHN CANNON. "Toleration Act." The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"The Toleration Act of 1689" Associated Content. 2008. 21 May. 2009 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1206742/the_toleration_act_of_1689_pg2.html?cat=37

Toleration Act

2009-05-21T12:03:34Z

Annalange:

In May 24,1689 the Parliament passed an act granting religious freedom to dissenters of the [[Church of England]]. This did not include Catholics or [[Unitarians]], only Protestant denominations. The Act was established by William of Orange and Mary II during the [[Glorious Revolution]] (1688-89)

== ==

'''The Toleration Act''' allowed non-conformists to have their own places of worship including their own teachers and priests.In return, they had to take the [[Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy]] and also had to reject the transsubstantiation (which is the Catholic belief of bread and wine turning into the Body of Christ during mass.) The dissenters were only allowed to meet in registered, unlocked houses, religious meetings in private homes were forbidden.
Although the law was a step in the direction towards religious tolerance, dissenting Protestants still had to suffer from social and political restrictions imposed by the [[Clarendon Code]], such as exclusion from political office.

----
'''Primary source'''

An Act for Exempting their Majesties Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes[http://old.vts.edu/classes/lma6/TEXTS/TOLERATION%20ACT.pdf]

'''Secondary sources'''

"Toleration Act." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598612/Toleration-Act>.
JOHN CANNON. "Toleration Act." The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"The Toleration Act of 1689" Associated Content. 2008. 21 May. 2009 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1206742/the_toleration_act_of_1689_pg2.html?cat=37

Toleration Act

2009-05-21T12:00:13Z

Annalange:

In May 24,1689 the Parliament passed an act granting religious freedom to dissenters of the Church of England. This did not include Catholics or Unitarians, only Protestant denominations. The Act was established by William of Orange and Mary II during the Glorious Revolution (1688-89)

== ==

'''The Toleration Act''' allowed non-conformists to have their own places of worship including their own teachers and priests.In return, they had to take the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and also had to reject the transsubstantiation (which is the Catholic belief of bread and wine turning into the Body of Christ during mass.) The dissenters were only allowed to meet in registered, unlocked houses, religious meetings in private homes were forbidden.
Although the law was a step in the direction towards religious tolerance, dissenting Protestants still had to suffer from social and political restrictions imposed by the Clarendon Code, such as exclusion from political office.

----
'''Primary source'''

An Act for Exempting their Majesties Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes[http://old.vts.edu/classes/lma6/TEXTS/TOLERATION%20ACT.pdf]

'''Secondary sources'''

"Toleration Act." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598612/Toleration-Act>.
JOHN CANNON. "Toleration Act." The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 21 May. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"The Toleration Act of 1689" Associated Content. 2008. 21 May. 2009 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1206742/the_toleration_act_of_1689_pg2.html?cat=37